Silambam Sports Rules SSR Book

1.1 Proposal and Sustainability of World Silambam Association (5-R Program)

5-R Program – Research, Revive, Rejuvenate, Retention and Restore

The 5-R Program (Indian Traditional Martial Arts) consists of Silambam (Silambam Long-Stick / Weapons-based self-defense), Kuttu Varisai (Unarmed – Hand-based Indian self-defense), and Varma Kalai Arts (Indian pressure points and treatments), which are practiced by every member of men and women, boys and girls (of both children and youth), who are all interested in the Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports.

Silambam Sports Rules (SSR) are intended to ensure that all tournament matters are handled fairly and orderly at World Silambam Association (WSA) tournaments, following the principles of Indian traditional roots. The World Silambam Association (WSA) organizes the Silambam games at the national, regional, and international levels without bias at the highest professional level possible. All Silambam games organized shall abide by the Silambam Sports Rules (SSR), created for strategic action for systematic training, athletes' achievements, and sports development.

Silambam Sports Rules (SSR) also helps to provide standardized rules for all levels of tournaments, which are promoted and recognized by the World Silambam Association (WSA) for the following organizations:

● SILA for Silambam Asia
● SILE for Silambam Europe
● SILO for Silambam Oceania
● SILP for Silambam Pan America
● SILF for Silambam Africa

● Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country
● National Federation (NF)

The World Silambam Association (WSA) (Tamil: உலக சிலம்பம் சங்கம் / Malay: Persatuan Silambam Dunia / French: Association Mondiale de Silambam) is the official international body of Silambam for Worldwide and a recognized Non-Governmental Organization.

The primary name of Silambam, which originated from the ancient Tamil Nadu State of India, was documented by Guruji Murugan Chillayah on November 22 1999 to become the official organization name to provide Indian traditional arts and sports for education, health, fitness, culture, nature, climate change, recreation, and dissemination work. The primary name Silambam was legally registered and recognized as a formalized organization after receiving security clearance approval from the Regulatory Authority.

It was followed by the formation of Silambam Asia, registered with members from twelve countries on the Asia continent and officially recognized by the United Nations in 2019, which has expanded and grown further throughout the Asia continent and worldwide.

World Silambam Association (WSA), which was established and registered with the JPPM of the Ministry of Home Affairs in Malaysia, has members from more than 25 countries on five continents worldwide and is rapidly expanding to preserve and safeguard the essence of Silambam worldwide. World Silambam Association (WSA) was officially recognized by the United Nations and is in partnership with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGS).

World Silambam Association (WSA) also involved with governing for Silambam Sport by become member and participate with the following establishments:

● IWG– International Working Group on Women Sport (signed Brighton Declaration),
● GAAPSF– General Association of Asia Pacific Sports Federations (previously known as Sport Accord Asia-Pacific),
● ICSSPE– International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education,
● TAFISA– The Association For International Sport for All,
● FIEP– International Federation of Physical Education.

– and many more.

The World Silambam Association (WSA) is a non-governmental organization for traditional arts, education, culture, and sports, with 14 board members (management) in total:

BOARD COMMITTEE (MANAGEMENT) Founder and Chairman GURUJI DR. MURUGAN CHILLAYAH Deputy Chairman THIAGU PARMAISUARAN General Secretary SHALANI RAJAINDERAN Deputy General Secretary SARADAMAH SINNAPPAN Treasurer SRI VISAHLAHKSHI PATHNINATHAN PILLAY Deputy Treasurer LORGENDRAH KRISHNAMUTHY Executive Committee (EC) KIYSHOR KUMAAR JEYASEELAN KUMARHA VELU CHANDRASEGERAN SELVANAYAGAN SANDARAYAN GANESH SUBRAMANIAM BALAMOORTHY PERUMAL ARVIND MUTHAIAH ALAGU VENTHAN SIGAMANI KASSI VENN RAJ

Silambam originated in Tamil Nadu, South India, with significant contributions to its aesthetic values for education, arts, sport, community, climate changes, wildlife, and culture preservation. Silambam is the "mother of all martial arts" for its creation or birth of ancient martial arts in India several centuries ago, which have since spread to several countries in Asia under various martial arts names. The World Silambam Association (WSA) has appointed several external executive members consisting of members from India and several other countries, thus ensuring the worldwide preservation and safeguarding of the measurements taken for silambam.

SILAMBAM EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (SEC) – EXTERNAL Vice-President (1) -vacant- Vice-President (2) -vacant- Vice-President (3) HEMALAKSHMI RENGARAJAN (India) Vice-President (4) RAJA RAMANAIYA NAIDU (India) Immigration & Expatriate Services (ESD Submission Officer) & Wellbeing Health DR. KAVITHA, (O&G) (Brunei)

● National Representatives, ● Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC),

● Managers (any types of work/departments), ● Public Relationship Officer (PRO), ● Education Committee, ● Medical Committee, ● Athletes Committee, ● Para-Silambam Committee, ● Gender Equality Committee, ● Children Committee, ● Registrar, ● Technical Committee (TC), ● Traditional Arts & Sports Coaching Committee, ● Referee Committee (RC), ● Competition Rules Committee, ● State Level Committee, ● Anti-Doping Officer, ● Discipline and Ethics Committee (DEC), ● Inclusion Officer,

● Delegate Members ● Organization Members ● Honorary Members

World Silambam Association (WSA) (Tamil: உலக சிலம்பம் சங்கம் / Malay: Persatuan Silambam Dunia / French: Association Mondiale de Silambam) has sole proprietorship of the logo of World Silambam Association (WSA) and its subsidiary bodies and its use. All rights for the use of the logo and name of World Silambam Association (WSA) and its subsidiary bodies for purposes of fabrication or sale of articles bearing the name or logo of World Silambam Association (WSA) and its subsidiary bodies (such as flags, medals, diplomas, badges, shields, ties, gadgets, and similar objects) rest exclusively with World Silambam Association (WSA).

Description of Association Logo (a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol commonly used) as following

Inside the logo, the name "World Silambam Association (WSA)" represents the Silambam (Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports) that originated in Asia. The Founder and Chairman Guruji Dr. Murugan Chillayah officially established this name and concept of organization to signify that the practical training essence of Silambam (the Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports) originated in Asia, specifically in Ancient Tamil Nadu of India, must be preserved as traditional arts and managed with proper governance for sustainable development and future generations. It then spread to other countries, continents, and the entire world many decades ago.

(a) Strength and will power shown by both Silambam practitioners’ stick hooked in-between their feet without falling to the ground. (b) Spirituality of Human shown by Silambam practitioner by jumping symbol holding “golden” Silambam staff symbol. (c) Circle around logo showing securing, stability and action. (d) The white background signifies peace, purity of action and mind of human. (e) The color in the logo to signify the union of five (5) continents: COLORS REPRESENTATION Yellow Asia Continent Blue Europe Continent Red Pan America Continent Black Africa Continent Green Australia Continent

CONTINENTS LOGO

ASIA CONTINENT ஆசியா கண்டம் Web: silambam.asia PAN AMERICA CONTINENT பான் அமெரிக்கா கண்டம் Web: silambam.us EUROPE CONTINENT ஐர ாப்பா கண்டம் Web: silambam.eu OCEANIA CONTINENT ஓசியானியா கண்டம் Web: silambam.info AFRICA CONTINENT ஆப்பிரிக்கா கண்டம் Web: silambam.africa

The blue background on the flag signifies our intentions toward the goals and objectives of United Nations programs to provide international support and coordination for sustainable development. The following is a description of the association flag: World Silambam Association (WSA) (For World Chapter)

This is the training structure and modules.

6.1 SCHEDULES

DAYS ARRANGEMENTS Weekdays (once/twice) According to School Co-curriculum arrangements Weekends (Saturday/Sunday) According to School Co-curriculum arrangements Public Holidays No Trainings

6.2 TRAINING SESSION AND AGE DIVISIONS (BOYS & GIRLS) (split into minutes)

Athletes under 13 years of age are not allowed to play in any official World Silambam tournament sanctioned by the World Silambam Association (WSA). The minimum age limit for all World Silambam Association (WSA) tournaments is 13 years old (calendar year).

The National Federation (NF) should use the term "YOUTH" to define "cadets" and "juniors" for age groups from 13 to 18 years that are different from the World Silambam Association (WSA) cadet and junior ages. The following age categories are recognized by the World Silambam Association (WSA), which are divided into men, women, boys, and girls (of child and youth) divisions and classified as follows:

TRAINING PROCEDURE AGE DIVISION 9-12 Years 13-15 Years 16-17 Years 18-21 Years 18-34 Years 35-60 Years Sub – Junior Cadet Junior U21 Senior Masters Discussion & Students Health Checking 5 min 5 min Advanced Skills Practice duration may vary with decisions by instructors or coaches Warming-Up Stretching – follow Sports Science (Yoga, Calisthenics, Conditioning Exercises) 15 min 15 min Silambam Kuttuvarisai (Hand based Self-defense) 15 min 30 min Silambam Ayudha Varisai (Weapons based Self-defense) 15 min 30 min Cool-Down Stretching 10 min 10 min TOTAL 1 Hour 1.5 Hour

6.3 Discussion Topics (Discipline in the Class / Training Rules)

Will be conducted as routine prior to training safety.

6.3.1 Respects

● Respect to Instructor (Guru) ● Respect to each other ● Respect to self

6.3.2 Attire

● Long training pants/trousers (flexible) ● Phone switched off/vibrate mode – kept aside away of training ground ● No shoes in training session ● All shoes outside training area (arranged in order) ● Remove any non-related ornaments (except religious/matrimonial) such as finger ring/neck chain/watches/bracelet/ any wrist band (to prevent injuries to others)

6.3.3 Personal Hygiene

● Short fingernails ● Tie long hair

6.3.4 Harmony Environment

● Smile always ● Wash leg before commence training (to prevent fault odor from shoes)

6.3.5 Posture

This is the position in which you hold your body upright against gravity while standing, sitting or lying down. Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. The instructor will guide the students to practice good posture in school and at home. We will give the students a mental picture of good posture and good spinal management.

6.3.6 Focus

Focus is the ability for a student to focus their attention to one point or topic. The instructors will continually remind the students to look into the eyes of an instructor/teacher/parent when they are talking.

7.1 SOLUTION Promoting Silambam to several continents and countries including Malaysia, Singapore, India, and many others, with significantly higher than average incidences of crime, truancy, teen pregnancy, obesity, and drug use, suffers from a lack of constructive activities for its youth. World Silambam Association saw the potential benefits of a quality after-school and extra-curricular program with physical and spiritual driven program to help resolve this issue. In the past years since its inception, the Silambam program has gained a positive reputation for providing constructive activities that contribute to reducing crime and illicit activity, increasing academic performance, and providing life skills to ensure success in school, in the community and in their individual life. 7.2 PROGRAM AND DESCRIPTION Teaching inner-city youth, the skills to become disciplined and successful in life is at the core of the World Silambam Association program in the traditional martial art, which develops important skills useful in everyday life, developing both mental and physical capabilities. World Silambam Association trains the mind and body to maximize physical effectiveness controlled by a clear, focused spirit. World Silambam Association’s focus on providing health and wellbeing to the students / local community through its holistic approach to the disciplines of the martial arts, provision of fitness activities, and its attraction to a diverse mix of people, for everyone regardless of athletic ability particularly Men and Women & Boys and Girls (of both children and youth). These groups are key target groups at international, national and regional level for increasing participation in the Indian traditional martial arts program, and sports fitness-based activities. The four major components of the World Silambam Association program offered in a wide range of martial arts, self-defense, and fitness activities, which include: 7.2.1 Kuttuvarisai (Unarmed – Hand based self-defense) 7.2.2 Silambam (Silambam Long-Stick / Weapons based self-defense) 7.2.3 Varma Kalai (Knowledge of Science & Pressure Points) The after-school program – serves children and includes Indian Traditional Arts tutoring and Silambam instruction in health, mental, emotional, physical, education, social, life skills and safety/protection education by every 1 to 2 hours every week.

8.1 TRAININGS AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Physical examination prior to Silambam trainings is a requirement of which students must participate in regular session for developing good health awareness and safety guidelines of school co-curriculum performance. Students who cannot participate in Silambam trainings due to a doctor’s note will also be excluded from recess and other physical activities. To prevent from irrelevant traditional arts and sports injuries, all students entering the Silambam training must have a physical examination screened and approved, according to schools or institutions requirements. Early physical/health declaration is required for smooth running of training and to accommodate students with proper adjustments of training methods appropriately with declaration. Noncompliance will result in exclusion from Silambam training. To participate in tournaments, students must also demonstrate evidence of a physical examination during the year prior to a particular tournament season. 8.2 FIELD TRIPS Field trips are planned at intervals (or during holidays) during the year to enrich the programs of the school. A permission slip signed by a parent/guardian and authorized by School or Ministry of Education may be required by the teacher in charge before the trip is taken. Students are under the control of the school while on a field trip and are directly under the supervision of the teacher in charge. All students maintain proper conduct and obey all school rules and regulations while on the field trip. No student will be allowed on a field trip without a completed and notarized “Medical Release Information and Release Form”. Students may be prohibited from attending field trips if behavioral expectations set by teaching teams prior to the trip have not been met. 8.3 INSURANCE World Silambam Association and their Instructor(s) does not furnish any insurance, nor does act as an agent. It is schools/parents own responsibilities, make it possible to have school time insurance coverage. School insurance claims are made through the principal’s office, schools or their respective authorized personnel on forms provided by their selected insurance carrier. It is not mandatory that a student buy this insurance. It is provided only for the parent’s convenience as a service through the school in cooperation with the agent. Health insurance is required before any student attends the first practice of an extracurricular activity such as Silambam tournaments. Both students and parents should read the application form carefully. 8.4 PROGRESS REPORTS TO PARENTS The responsibility of student’s Silambam education depends primarily with that student and his/her parent(s). For this reason, it is necessary that a parent take a vital interest in his/her child’s life at school. A parent should not wait for progress reports to check on his/her child’s progress. A parent should check frequently with his/her child and feel free to visit the school any time during the school year to confer with teacher(s). Current grades can also be accessed via Silambam LMS program, which will be in website http://silambam.world. A phone call to the office will help secure a time convenient for the parent and the teacher/ team so as not to interrupt classwork. 8.5 PROMOTION AND RETENTION Students who demonstrate appropriate academic progress will be promoted to the next grade level. 8.6 SILAMBAM STUDENTS VISITORS Silambam student’s parents or guardians are invited to visit schools and get acquainted. Any unauthorized visitors by school regulatory are not permitted. For conferences with teachers/teams/instructors, respective Silambam student’s parents or guardians need to be arranged in advance for approval from respective school and their appointed program teachers. Before going to the classroom, hall or training premises, parents or guardians should report to the school main office. All visitors will be asked to wear badges (if necessary) to identifying them as such during their stay in the building. It is important that school environment and Silambam training place be as safe as possible. It is also important that training classes not be interrupted any more than necessary.

Below are EXAMPLE of payments or fees, which may require during the Silambam Training. 9.1 FEES STRUCTURE – WILL BE DIFFERENT OR VARY FOR EVERY COUNTRIES (Price shall be changed according to Currency Exchange or Countries) EXAMPLE OF DETAILS PRICING SAMPLE First Time Registration (Once) MYR 10.00 Annual Fees (Every Year) for Members ID Card MYR 20.00 Schools/Institutions: Monthly Fees – per person MYR 60.00 / month Monthly Fees (minimum age of 9-12 yrs.) – per person MYR 80.00 / month Monthly Fees (Above than 12 yrs. & adults) – per person MYR 150.00 / month 9.2 ADDITIONAL PURCHASES – Attire / Equipment (estimated rates) Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform Purchase COMPULSORY Silambam Emblem (Logo) Purchase COMPULSORY Belts – Colors (Yellow, Green, Blue) Purchase upon Gradings Belts – Colors (Red/Black) Purchase upon Gradings Silambam (Long Staff)-MANAU Purchase upon Green Belt Silambam (Short Staff)-MANAU Purchase upon Blue Belt State Emblem (State Flag) Purchase upon Represent State Country Emblem (Country Flag) Purchase upon Represent Country 9.3 GRADINGS (TEST FEES) Belt Color – Yellow, Green, Blue MYR 30 / grading + MYR 30 (Certificate) Belt Color – Red MYR 50 / grading + MYR 30 (Certificate) Black (Junior) – with Ceremony MYR 150 + MYR 30 (Certificate) Black (Senior) – with Ceremony MYR 200 + MYR 30 (Certificate) Instructor – with Ceremony MYR 250 + MYR 30 (Guru Certificate) Re-take Gradings (Test) MYR 20 (except Red Belts and Black Belts) ● Color Belts: re-test with next group shall be with instructor’s leniency and approval. ● Red Belts and Black Belts: re-test with next group must pay full test fees again.

10.1 MEMBERS ACCREDITATION CARD PROCEDURE The World Silambam Association (WSA) is introducing the Official ID card which is mandatory starting July 18, 2019 for all the Silambam Players. No entry should be registered by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country unless first cleared by the World Silambam Association (WSA) with evidence that membership fees and the event registration fees are fully paid. Evidence of nationality must be produced in respect of all the Silambam Players. At registration, accreditation cards will be issued bearing the holder’s photograph, together with the World Silambam Association (WSA) accredited membership and important details behind the card. The accreditation cards are provided by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country. The accreditation card must be carried at all times during the tournaments. The Accreditation Card of the Silambam Players shall contain the following particulars: ● Photograph ● Given Name and Surname ● Date of Birth ● Sex ● Nationality ● Passport Number/National ID Number ● Blood Group The accreditation cards will be printed prior to the Silambam tournament. The accreditation cards of the countries’ or its delegation accreditation cards will be checked during Silambam tournament registration. Accreditation cards is obligatory on each official calendar event. Validity of the card is 1-year which available only for World Silambam Association (WSA) registered Organization Members with affordable low fees to ease poverty group in Silambam. Member Registration Fee USD$2.50 (MYR10) and ID Card of USD$8 (MYR32) and these fees is EXCLUDING shipment costs to respective countries (will be charged separately). ADULT – ABOVE 18 YEARS MINOR – BELOW 18 YEARS Please note that this exclusive card is solely required to registration and it will serve as the only ID card for all Silambam International events, from continental to World Silambam Association (WSA) level events. This will be the only valid card required to enter an official Silambam Tournament of World Silambam Association (WSA) events, such as: ● Continental Tournament – Open, U21, seniors, juniors, and cadets ● World Tournament – Open, U21, seniors, juniors, and cadets ● Masters Tournament 10.2 HOW TO ORDER To start the registration process for an official accreditation cards, please visit http://silambam.world. ● Online application allows each member to register and submit by using a step by step guide. ● Correct picture format in passport size, color, and face visible with eyes retina. Note that in case of incorrect pictures or bad information the card will not be activated upon payment. In example, if you order ten (10) cards and one (1) is with incorrect picture format, the nine (9) correct cards will be printed but will not be shipped until that one is not correct as well for printing. Please note that the accreditation cards must be registered before the deadline of the first Tournament you intend to attend. Athletes cannot be registered for Tournament without the accreditation card. It is responsibility of Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country to register accreditation cards by priority before the deadline. In case of any problem, please contact the World Silambam Association (WSA) General Secretary via secretary@silambam.world.

11.1 HYGIENE ● Any Silambam Player (Fencer) not willing to comply with the requirements of hygiene, Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform rules and the SAFETY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT regulation – shall be refused the right to play games and the opponent shall win the games, if the games has not yet started, or by win through the withdrawal of an opponent during Tournament, if the games has already started, according to the “majority of three” rule. ● The nails of the feet and hands shall be cut short. ● The personal hygiene of the Silambam Player (Fencer) shall be of a high standard. ● Long hair shall be tied up to avoid causing any inconvenience to the other Silambam Player (Fencer). Hair shall be tied by using a hair band made of rubber or similar material and be void of any rigid or metal components. The head may not be covered except for bandaging of a medical nature, which must adhere to this one. ● Physical appearance and cleanliness are important. Guard against any contagion. ● Never go on either the Tournament mat or the warm-up mat with shoes on. Wear shoes at all times whenever go off the mat. ● Not allowed to wear Jewels. 11.2 TRADITIONAL WAY – DRESS CODE IN TRADITIONAL CONCEPT In the cultural event, traditional dress code Dhoti (Men) and Sarees (Women) permitted for special occasion (performance) and if specially requested by Event by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country / Schools’ cultural events. 11.3 SILAMBAM ATTIRE (ORANGE SAFFRON COLOR) In 1989, modern Silambam dress code similar to Japanese martial arts “Gi” introduced with color belts set to the compliance of martial arts grading standard. The wearing of unauthorized apparel, clothing or equipment is forbidden. To avoid confusion between other martial arts recently in 2019, Silambam White color uniform replaced with Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform as an official color for Silambam Martial Arts, to signify unique than other martial arts color. Silambam students must dress properly during all training’s session. The appropriate dress and grooming of a student are the responsibility of each parent and student. However, the school staff reserves the privilege of determining whether students’ dress is appropriate or disruptive to the co-curriculum educational process. It remind everyone to preserve the traditional pathway and disciplines (Shasana), which presently forgotten or its essence has deteriorated because of human modern lifestyle. This modern Silambam dress code set to ease with compliance of martial arts grading standard recognition and were introduced since 1989. Silambam students must dress properly during all training’s session. The appropriate dress and grooming of a student are the responsibility of each; either parent(s) or guardian and student. However, the school staff reserves the privilege of determining whether students’ dress is appropriate or disruptive to the co-curriculum educational process. ● Wear full Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform with the shirt is tucking in, wear socks and white shoes. ● The Silambam Uniform (Orange Saffron) shall be clean, generally dry exempt from stains, must not show any worn-out signs, particularly on the collar and the lapel, and without unpleasant odor. If the condition of the Silambam Uniform is assessed as unsatisfactory, the Silambam Players must wear a spare Silambam Uniform. ● No changes or extra modification on dress (except, additional differ may occur in logos of a Charitable, Schools, Institutions, College, University, Business or Company, Club, Trust, Society, Association, Federation, Foundation and; or any related Organizations and country flag on the Silambam Players uniform). ● If students choose not to buy the standard uniforms due to some financial excuse, a T-shirt and shorts are recommended temporarily until standard uniform been purchased. ● Pants or shorts must be worn such that underwear or shorts is not visible, and the length of shorts cannot be shorter than the student’s knees. ● Spaghetti straps or outfits with open sides or open backs are not allowed; nor are tops that have plunging necklines. ADDITIONAL: Women & Girls (Silambam Players) must also wear a white T-shirt, White in color (not transparent), short-sleeved and round-necked inside Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform. In addition, ● Pajamas are not allowed. ● Students should be attired so that the stomach and midriff are not visible. ● Students are required to have sleeves on their shirts. ● Shoes/Slippers/Sandals or any other footwear are prohibited, unless permitted by Instructor(s). ● Hats, headbands, coats, etc. are not to be worn. Items of clothing that are deemed inappropriate include but are not limited to those that: ● Display profanity. ● Contain inappropriate sexual connotations. ● Sexual references or drugs related. ● Alcohol, or tobacco references. ● Advertisements, or pictures. ● Indecent, illegal, or revealing dress, appearance, or personal habits. ● Excessive displays of affection (kissing, fondling, etc.) are prohibited. Silambam student who wears inappropriate clothing may be asked to get a change of clothing sent to school office for further action. A student’s dress reflects the amount of pride the student has for himself/herself and his/her environment and to his/her school image. Public Health requirements do not allow a student to remain at school with blood on his/her clothing. If a student has an accident or nosebleed, a change of clothing may need to be brought to school. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE SILAMBAM PLAYERS Wear the correct uniform and follow the dress code and uniform is totally differs from demonstrative styles, which is Indian Traditional Clothing (e.g. Dhoti for men or Sarees for female). The Silambam Players arm, uniform and equipped Safety Protection Equipment themselves and Silambam fencing at their own responsibility and at their own risk. It is obligatory for any Silambam Players who warms up or trains with another Silambam Players on site at an official World Silambam Association Tournament (including in the training halls linked to the Tournament) to wear fencing clothing and equipment which conforms to the World Silambam Association regulations. Any person giving a lesson or taking a lesson must wear at least a Silambam basic protection gears conforming to the regulations. The Supervisor of the Tournament or a member of the Silambam Technical Committee (STC) must penalize any person not respecting this rule with a yellow card, followed by a black card in case of a repeated infringement. The safety measures specified in the Rules and in the standards contained in the annexed to them and the methods of control laid down in the present Rules (Material Rules) are only designed to reinforce the Silambam Players safety and cannot guarantee it. They cannot, therefore, whatever the way they are applied, impart responsibility to the World Silambam Association, or to the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country, to the officials or personnel who carry out such organization, or to those who may cause an accident. One will wear identity of blue and the other with red identity in the field. They have to obey the rules of World Silambam Foundation and will play/fencing in the Light Contact way. Specific time will be allotted for them and after the allotted time the Judges will announce their results. Traditional concept. Ancient sages such as Yogi and Rishis wore similar concept of Ancient India, with an orange color. This concept is to remind and retain the traditional pathway and disciplines (known as “Shasana”), which present days has been deteriorated because of human modern lifestyle. No changes or extra modification on dress (except, additional differ may occur in logos of a Charitable, Schools, Institutions, College, University, Business or Company, Club, Trust, Society, Association, Federation, Foundation and; or any related Organizations and country flag on practitioners’ uniform). The Silambam Players participating in Silambam official events should comply with the World Silambam Association Silambam Uniform regulations. National Federation (NF) of the games the Silambam Players are responsible for ensuring that the Silambam Players are wearing approved World Silambam Association Silambam Uniform that comply with the Silambam Uniform rules. The list of World Silambam Association approved Silambam Uniform suppliers is available at http://silambam.world. The Silambam Uniform consists of a jacket and a pair of trousers and must be worn with a belt. The brand of both the jacket and trousers must be the same. The jacket and the trousers should be of a uniform color and correspond to the following color references to Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform, and are obligatory for all the Silambam Players. All Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform must conform to the current regulations regarding size, materials etc., but it is not required that a Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform is purchased from the World Silambam Association’s manufacturers list of suppliers. CONSEQUENCES OF FAILING SILAMBAM UNIFORM CONTROL (SUC) On each Tournament day the official Silambam Uniform Control (SUC) will take place for each game. Athletes and their coaches must arrive together at Silambam Uniform Control (SUC). If the coach is not present for a valid reason (such as coaching another Silambam Players at the same time) they will be allowed to join the Silambam Players later. Athletes must arrive at Silambam Uniform Control (SUC) wearing their Silambam Uniform exactly as it should be to enter the Silambam Tournament Mat. Footwear is permitted at this point. The markings of the logo, emblem and advertising etc. must be made with a material that does not prevent good Silambam practice. It is not permitted to cover up/ patch any part of the Silambam Uniform or belt with tape, stickers or other material such as a sewn patch except under circumstances agreed by the Silambam Board Committee (SBC). Following the games order that shall be displayed in the Silambam Uniform Control (SUC) area, the Traditional Arts & Sports Coaching Committee is responsible for calling the Silambam Players to the Silambam Uniform Control (SUC) area. The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country must provide a public announcement system for this purpose. Athletes and their Silambam Uniform shall be checked prior to each game ensuring that they are in accordance with the World Silambam Association Silambam Uniform rules. If the Silambam Uniform does not comply with the current Silambam Uniform rules the Silambam Players will wear a reserve Silambam Uniform and cannot have a coach in the chair. The World Silambam Association Ad Hoc Committee will decide on the consequences for Silambam Players who deliberately avoids passing through Silambam Uniform Control (SUC) and goes to the Silambam Tournament Mat. 11.4 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – MANUFACTURER’S LABEL Each Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform and trousers must have an unforgeable optical label which certifies that the Silambam Uniform complies with the current World Silambam Association rules. Marking of the manufacturer logo, of maximum 30 cm2 is authorized. It cannot be visible when the Silambam Uniform is fastened. The label is fixed: ● Bottom of the jacket, front left side, near or in the reinforced edge. ● Top front side of the trousers, close to the center. ● One of the two edges of the belt. Logo location allowed Only one manufacturer’s logo per clothing item is allowed (jacket, trousers, and belt). It must NOT EXCEEDING 30 cm2. On one of the two edges of the belt, in a visible area, maximum 9 cm2 11.5 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – ADVERTISING Advertising is not allowed on the jacket. It must respect the traditional ways and practical provisions of World Silambam Association. It is not permitted, for the advertising spaces except standard Uniform Manufacturer logo on any part of uniform, such as advertisement containing any other kind; to promote tobacco, alcohol, any prohibited substances listed in the Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), or any product or service contrary to morality or good ethics. 11.6 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – OWN NAME MARKING The name of the Silambam Players is permitted with only ONE allowed in every part of uniform: ● On the bottom of the jacket ● On the top of the trousers ● On one of the two extremities of the belt ● The letters composing the name of the Silambam Players should not exceed a height of 3 cm to maximum of 4 cm and a length of 18 cm to maximum of 20 cm. No other marking will be accepted. Possible locations 11.7 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – BACK NUMBER CONTROL This service will start 30 minutes before the unofficial weigh-in. Check the Silambam Players ID to correspond to the back number and check sponsor label (The back number and event sponsor label are compulsory). Only if the Silambam Uniform are compliant with the World Silambam Association rules will sponsor labels be given. If Silambam Players fails to show up for the Silambam Uniform back number control the day before their Tournament, without a valid reason, the Silambam Players will not be allowed to have a coach in the chair. The Silambam Players must wear a back number on their Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform and these must be of the type currently recommended by the World Silambam Association or the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country and their host National Federation (NF). Athletes must bring Silambam Uniform (orange color) for an official control for the World Silambam Association official label (obligatory), Silambam Uniform brand (obligatory), national emblem, advertising and back number. Each Silambam Players is obliged to have sewn on the back of his Silambam Uniform a back number bearing their legal first given name or last (family name) on the back number; must have the same letters as that registered in http://silambam.world same as the database which provides the accreditation cards, Silambam Players name on TV graphics and scoreboard etc. Silambam back number needs to be clean, not faded and free from stains or sticky residue. Back Number Silambam Players Entitled to wear a BLACK World Champions Entitled to wear a RED Olympic Champions (FUTURE – TBA) Entitled to wear a GOLD If the Title is lost Must be changed to BLUE. Athlete must change to blue back number within one month after title lost. The World Silambam Association provides the back number. The top of the back number must be fixed horizontally and centrally three (3) cm below from the bottom of the collar line. During the Tournaments organized by World Silambam Association, it must include the publicity of the Tournament (which is different for an orange color Silambam Uniform). Back numbers from the official World Silambam Association back number partner or sponsor advertisement may appear if appropriate. 11.8 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – NATIONAL EMBLEM This must be the official identification of a nation, a National Olympic Committee (NOC) or World Silambam Association affiliated National Federation (NF). No commercial brand can be associated to it. It is fixed on the left-hand side, at the chest level and approximate size of about 7cm x 4.5cm (extra or less in 1cm). It can also appear in the publicity space. The national emblem representing the official identification of a nation, a National Olympic Committee or a member National Federation (NF) member of World Silambam Association, of a surface area of 100 cm2 can be fixed on the chest, on the left side. One (1) possible location with ONLY one (1) National Emblem allowed. National Emblem at LEFT ARM ALLOWED – SPECIFICATIONS NATIONAL FLAG (with white border) COUNTRY NAME (ROMAN Letters – ENGLISH) ● Capital Black Font ● White Background ● Approx. 25 % May not exceed an overall size of 12cm x 8cm NOT ALLOWED / RESTRICTED – SPECIFICATIONS Gold / Colored embroidery not allowed Border shape flag design not allowed Flag without country name not allowed 11.9 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – JACKET With the arms level, the uniform measuring device must slip inside entirely and smoothly inside the sleeves. The Silambam Uniform sleeves must cover up the full arm including wrist. Female Silambam Players may wear a plain white T-shirt beneath the Silambam Uniform. The Uniform “skirt” must cover the buttocks completely. The width of the crossed distance of the jacket lapels at belt level must be at least 20 cm. Thickness of the lapel side must be less or equal to 0.8 to 1 cm. Width of the lapel side must be 3 to 4 cm. The distance between the sternum top and the lapel crossing point of the jacket vertically must be less than 8 to 10 cm. Women & Girls must wear white shirt inside. No commercial marking can appear. 11.10 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – TROUSERS The distance between the bottom of the trousers and the exterior malleolus (anklebone) must be less or equal to 5 cm. The width must be between 10 and 15 cm at the knee level. 11.11 UNIFORM-DRESS CODE FOR SILAMBAM PLAYERS – SPARE UNIFORM SUPPLY During the Tournaments organized and sanctioned by World Silambam Association, the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country will supply spare belts, Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform of different sizes. Silambam Uniform will be available in the “call room” so that any change requirement could be met as quickly as possible. A closed structure for any changing requests must be located in the control zone. The replacement Silambam Uniform must be used only in the following cases: ● Torn Silambam Uniform during a game ● Bloodstains or any other apparent stains ● Irregular size ● Irregular or missing back number ● Inappropriate advertising ● Inappropriate emblem ● Unofficial brand ● Jacket and trousers, not the same brand ● Inappropriate color ● Worn out Silambam Uniform ● Lost or stolen Silambam Uniform ● When the name on the back number is different from the one on the accreditation The Silambam Uniform are supplied by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country for games. The Silambam Players must leave his accreditation card and the part(s) of their Silambam Uniform that do not comply with the rules with the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country in exchange for the spare Silambam Uniform. The spare Silambam Uniform must be returned immediately after the games it was used for. If Silambam Players refuses to comply with the rules, he will be excluded from the Tournament. If Silambam Players does not have their Silambam Uniform due to it being lost or stolen, on the production of an airline (or train) lost baggage claim or a police report, reserve Silambam Uniform will be given and the coach permitted to sit in the chair. The spare Silambam Uniform are supplied for the Silambam Players as a “service”. The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country cannot be blamed if Silambam Players cannot find a Silambam Uniform with a suitable size, whatsoever. 11.12 COACHES DRESS CODE Coaches must respect the following dress code: Draw: formal suit (jacket, trousers, shirt and tie for men; jacket, trousers/skirt/dress, blouse for women & girls) and formal shoes. Preliminary rounds: national tracksuit with trousers reaching down to shoes. Coaches can wear national official short sleeved or long-sleeved T-shirts. For the final block program (TV time): ● Formal suit (jacket, trousers, shirt and tie for men; jacket, trousers/skirt/dress, blouse for women & girls). ● Formal shoes. For preliminary rounds, the coaches should wear a national tracksuit with trousers reaching down to shoes. They can wear national official short sleeved or long-sleeved T-shirts. For the final block, they must wear a formal suit (jacket, trousers, shirt and tie for men; jacket, trousers/skirt/dress, blouse for women & girls) and formal shoes. The following are forbidden at any time: shorter trousers, undressed upper body, any kind of head caps and cover, jeans, sweaters or unrelated dress, flip- flops which forbidden in the practice of Silambam (the Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports). 11.13 REFEREES, JUDGE’S AND OTHER OFFICIALS DRESS CODE (AT TOURNAMENT FLOOR) Referees and Judges must wear the official uniform designated by the Referee Committee (RC) at all tournaments, briefings, and courses. For Olympic Games (in future), Youth Olympic Games (in future), Continental Games and other multisport events where a cross-sport uniform is provided for Referees depending on the specific event, that common uniform, provided by the event organizer and formally approved by the World Silambam Association (WSA), might substitute the official uniform for Referees. The official uniform will be as follows: ● White shirt (full hand) and tucked in properly ● Black sleeveless blazer vest (for referees) ● Black full coat (for judges and other officials) ● Black tie, worn without tiepin. ● Black pant ● Black belt ● Black stockings and black shoes ● Digital stopwatch & whistle with white cord. ● Religiously mandated headwear be allowed that is approved by World Silambam Association (WSA). ● Referees and Judges may wear a plain wedding band. ● Female Referees and Judges may wear a hairclip and discreet earrings. 11.14 FOR FINAL BLOCK PROGRAM (TV LIVE RECORDING PURPOSE) Applicable to ALL – Coaches, Referees, Judges and Officials ● Formal suit (jacket, trousers, shirt and tie for men; jacket, trousers/skirt/dress, blouse for women & girls) ● Formal shoes.

The Silambam Players shall wear a World Silambam Association (WSA) approved Tournament uniform, Full Face Head Protector, Trunk Protector (Body), Upper-Arm Guard, Forearm Guard, Groin Guard (for Male & Female), shin guard (by own discretion) and be equipped with a mouthpiece before entering the field of play. Full Face Head Protector must be firmly tucked under left arms when entering into Tournament Area / Platform, and holding the Silambam stick on the right hand. Head Protector shall be put on the head following instructions of the referee before entering the tournament court arena. Glasses are forbidden but soft contact lenses can be worn at the Silambam Players’ own risk. In case of wearing a Tournament uniform, the forearm and shin guards shall be worn beneath the garment. The Groin guards shall be worn beneath garment for both cases. The Silambam Players shall bring the World Silambam Association (WSA) approved Safety Protection Equipment, as well as gloves and the mouth guard, for his/her personal use. Wearing any item on the head other than the Head Protector shall not be permitted. The Head Protector for the Silambam Players must be equipped with a face shield. Any religious item shall be worn beneath the Head Protector and inside the Tournament uniform and shall not cause harm or obstruct the opposing Silambam Players. Principles Safety Protection Equipment ● It is to provide the Silambam Players with safety protection and injury prevention ● It must not harm the Silambam Players or the opponent ● It should not affect the athletic performance or the game result SAFETY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Full Face Head Protector (Blue and Red) – முழு முக தலைக்கவசம் Tournament safety precaution depending on the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country of such Tournament. Trunk Protector (Body) – ொர்புக்கவசம் Customized Design & color to related to Ancient Traditional Battle Armor. BLUE and RED will used to signify Silambam Players. PRIMARY OPTIONAL SAFETY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Upper-Arm Guard – மேல் கை பாதுகாப்பு Forearm Guard – முன்கை பாதுகாப்பு Groin Guard for Male & Female – கவட்டை பாதுகாப்பு Mouth guard: The color of the mouth guard is limited to white or transparent. However, the obligation to use mouth guards may be exempted upon submission of the Medical Committee diagnosis stating that the use of mouth guards may cause harm to the Silambam Players. Athletes with dental braces need to wear a special mouth guard for braces recommended by their dentist and submit the letter from their dentist stating that the Silambam Players is safe to play games with the mouth guard that the dentist recommended. Taping: Taping of feet and hands will be strictly checked during the Silambam Players inspection process. The inspector may request Team Doctor approval for excessive taping. the Silambam Players need to take off taping on general weigh-in to see whether there is any open wound, cut or bleeding.

The thickness must be between 4 mm and 5 mm with both length of belt from tips starting from the central knot must be equal. The belt must not be made of a stiff and/or slipping material and the knot must be correctly and tightly made. It must be made of soft material and World Silambam Association official logo/name is not allowed at belt label. This is the syllabus structure and the grading according to belt level has been created as reference in Schools and Institutions for Extra-Curricular activities. This is the structure and modules in the grading according to belt level. Belts Grading System: White, Yellow, Green, Blue, Red, and Black (graduate). This is the syllabus structure and the grading according to belt level has been created as a reference in a Charitable, Schools, Institutions, College, University, Business or Company, Club, Trust, Society, Association, Federation, Foundation and; or any related Organizations for Curricular or Extra-Curricular activities (whichever relevant). This is the structure and modules in the grading according to belt level. Thereafter, Guru Pathway (also known as Teacher Training) will be commenced and continues until disciples receives highest recognition as “குரு – Guru” from Mahaguru (Grandmaster) in later days. Upon graduated as Guru, they will be with same Black-Belt. 13.1 E.C.A / C.C.A POINTS – Silambam Belt Grading System இ.சி.ஏ பாடத்திட்ட மதிப்பெண்கள் – இடைவார் அமைப்பு முறை – Inai padattitta matippenkal – itaivar amaippu murai BELTS Gradings (Test) E.C.A / C.C.A POINTS White - 2 Yellow 1 After 6 Months (age below 13-years on date of exam) 3 Yellow 2 After 6 Months (age below 13-years on date of exam) 3 Green 1 After 6 Months 4 Green 2 After 6 Months 4 Blue 1 After 6 Months 5 Blue 2 After 6 Months 6 Red 1 After 6 Months 7 Red 2 After 6 Months 8 Black – Junior After 6 Months 9 Black – Senior After 6 Months 10 • ECA / CCA points may change favorable or justified according to Schools, Institutions, College, University, Club, Association and; or Organizations • If any students failed their Gradings test, subsequent test will be rescheduled 3 months later. • Earliest test date might be arranged depends on Examiner leniency. • Re-take of Gradings (Test) payment will be incurred (additional). 13.1.1 YELLOW BELT (ONLY FOR STUDENTS BELOW 13 YEARS) மஞ்சள் இடைவார் – Manjal idaivar TAMIL ENGLISH Silambam Kuttuvarisai Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Kuttu Kattu 1 – 3 Punches and Blocking Pidivarisai 1 – 3 Grappling (Grips & Locks) – Basic Silambam Kai Sandai Sparring Bout (1 round) 13.1.2 GREEN BELT பச்சை இடைவார் – Pachai idaivar TAMIL ENGLISH Silambam Kuttuvarisai Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Salavarisai 2 – 4 Pattern – Basics Kuttu Kattu 1 – 5 Punches and Blocking Pidivarisai 1 – 5 Grappling (Grips & Locks) – Basic Othekkum 1 – 3 Defensive / Evade Attacks Silambam Kai Sandai Sparring Bout (3 rounds) Silambam Staff Fencing Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Oru Kai Veechu: Matti Pidi Kaimaatru Pidi Single Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) Alternate Grip Rettai Kai Veechu: Matti Pidi Adi Kambu Double Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) End Grip (in-place & walk/backward) 13.1.3 BLUE BELT நீல இடைவார் – Neela idaivar TAMIL ENGLISH Silambam Kuttuvarisai Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Salavarisai 2 – 7 Pattern – Basics Kuttu Kattu 1 – 10 Punches and Blocking Pidivarisai 1 – 10 Grappling (Grips & Locks) – Basic Othekkum 1 – 5 Defensive / Evade Attacks Silambam Kai Sandai Sparring Bout (5 round) Silambam Kuttuvarisai – Self-defense Skills (Partner Demonstration) Tani Tiramay Freestyle against/with Weapons Silambam Staff Fencing Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Adivarisai 1 – 3 Progressive Strokes Oru Kai Veechu: Matti Pidi Kaimaatru Pidi Single Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) Alternate Grip Rettai Kai Veechu: Matti Pidi Adi Kambu Double Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) End Grip (in-place & walk/backward) Tani Tiramay Freestyle Spin 13.1.4 RED BELT சிவப்பு இடைவார் – Sivappu idaivar TAMIL ENGLISH Silambam Kuttuvarisai Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Salavarisai 2 – 10 Pattern – Basics Kuttu Kattu 1 – 10 Punches and Blocking Pidivarisai 1 – 10 Grappling (Grips & Locks) – Basic Othekkum 1 – 10 Defensive / Evade Attacks Korvai 1 – 3 Close Combat Locks Silambam Kai Sandai Sparring Bout (10 round) Silambam Kuttuvarisai – Self-defense Skills (Partner Demonstration) Tani Tiramay Freestyle against/with Weapons Silambam Staff Fencing Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Salavarisai 2 – 3 Pattern – Basics Adivarisai 1 – 5 Progressive Strokes Oru Kai Veechu: - Matti Pidi - Kaimaatru Pidi Single Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) Alternate Grip Rettai Kai Veechu: - Matti Pidi - Munai Paguthi Double Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) End Grip (in-place & walk/backward) Tani Tiramay Freestyle Spin 13.1.5 BLACK BELT கருப்பு இடைவார் – Karuppu idaivar (அரங்கேற்றம் – Arangetram) – Graduation Ceremony upon completion of Black Belt TAMIL ENGLISH Silambam Kuttuvarisai Nilay Pattern of Postures / Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Salavarisai 2 – 13 Pattern – Basics Kuttu Kattu 1 – 10 Punches and Blocking Pidivarisai 1 – 10 Grappling (Grips & Locks) – Basic Othekkum 1 – 10 Defensive / Evade Attacks Korvai 1 – 5 Close Combat Locks Tani Salavarisai 1 – 5 Pattern – Advanced Tanipidi 1 – 5 Grappling (Grips & Locks) – Advanced Adivarisai 1 – 5 Offensive / Attacking Silambam Kai Sandai Sparring Bout (20 round) Silambam Kuttuvarisai – Self-defense Skills (Partner Demonstration) Tani Tiramay Freestyle against/with Weapons Silambam Staff Fencing Nilay Pattern of Postures/Stances Endurance Guru Salavarisai 1 Pattern 1 – Instructor Salutation Salavarisai 2 – 5 Pattern – Basics Adivarisai 1 – 10 Progressive Strokes Oru Kai Veechu: Matti Pidi Kaimaatru Pidi Single Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) and Alternate Grip Rettai Kai Veechu: Matti Pidi Adi Kambu Double Handed Spins: Center Grip (in-place & walk/backward) End Grip (in-place & walk/backward) Tani Tiramay Freestyle Spin Other Weapons (Individual / Partner Demonstration) Sedi Kuchi Short Stick Maduvu (Maan Kombu) Deer Horn Surul Katti / Surul Pattakatti Elastic Blades / Sword Panthukol/Thee Bantham Staff with balls of fire Katti/ Vaal / Kukri / Arivval Knife/Sword/Kukri/Machete

Trainings Principles: Hand based / Unarmed Self-defense styles குத்துவரிசை – Kuttuvarisai 14.1 INTRODUCTION OF KUTTUVARISAI குத்துவரிசை அறிமுகம் – Kuttuvarisai Arimugam Kai Silambam (lit. hand Silambam) is the unarmed component of Silambam, also known as Kuttuvarisai (குத்துவரிசை – Kuttuvarisai). First attested to in Sangam literature of the 2nd – 1st centuries BC, the term translates as "punching sequence", from Kuttu meaning punch and Varisai meaning order. Techniques incorporate striking, grappling, throws and locks. Like many other Asian martial arts, patterns in Kuttuvarisai make use of animal-based sets utilizes stances and routines based on animal movements such as the monkey (குரங்கு – Kuranggu), snake (பாம்பு – Paambu), tiger (புலி – Puli), elephant (யானை – Yaanai) and eagle (கழுகு – Kalugu) forms. Advanced students are taught Varma Adi or the art of attacking pressure points. 14.2 HISTORY OF KUTTUVARISAI குத்துவரிசை வரலாற்று – Kuttuvarisai Varalatru Kuttuvarisai (குத்துவரிசை – Kuttuvarisai) is the unarmed component of Silambam and Varma Kalai (ேர்மக்கைல – Varma Kalai), a Dravidian martial art from Tamil Nadu in South India, also practiced by the Tamil people of Malaysia and northeast Sri Lanka. The term Kuttuvarisai means empty hand combat in Tamil and was first documented in Sangam Literature (சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் – Sanga ilakkiyanggal) of the 2nd-1st centuries BC. It is also called kai Silambam which means hand Silambam. In Tamil, martial arts are known by the umbrella terms Tarkappuk kalai (தற்காப்புக் கைல – Tarkappuk Kalai) "art of self-defense". The meaning of Kuttuvarisai is divided into two words. 'Kuttu' (குத்து – Kuttu) means punch or hit and 'Varisai' (வரிசை – Varisai) means sequence or order. The words itself says using the punches in sequential order. Techniques incorporate striking, grappling, throws and locks. Strikes make use of almost every part of the body such as the fists, elbows, feet, knees, etc. Advanced students are taught the art of pressure point Self-defense called Varma Kalai (ேர்மக்கைல – Varma Kalai). Kaaladi (காலடி - Kaaladi), or footwork patterns, are a fundamental aspect of both Kuttuvarisai and Silambam. There are sixteen of them among which four are very important. Traditionally, beginners practice only Kaaladi for many months before learning any techniques but this is not often done today. Training in Kuttuvarisai allows the practitioner to get a feel of Silambam stick movements using their bare hands, that is, Silambam players have a preliminary training with bare hands before going to the stick. Gradually, Silambam players study footwork to move precisely in conjunction with the stick movements. The ultimate goal of the training is to defend against multiple armed opponents. In both Kuttuvarisai and Silambam, Kaaladi is the key in deriving power for the blows. It teaches how to advance and retreat, to get in range of the opponent without lowering one's defense, aids in hitting and Blocking, and it strengthens the body immensely enabling the person to receive non-lethal blows and still continue the battle. The whole body is used to create power. In Kuttuvarisai, gymnastic, stretching (basic traditional yogic exercise), and breathing exercises are conducted before training. It is also said that Bodhidharma / Damo (the founder of Zen Buddhism) was very good at this Silambam Kuttuvarisai art which he learned from his Guru. And on his pilgrimage traveling way from India towards Nepal, Tibet and until reaching China, during this journey of travel, he observed fights between monkeys, snakes and other animals, which now evolved to become other types of martial arts with many names in Asia. Kuttuvarisai is one of the ancient arts of India which is dying. 14.3 ANATOMY RECOGNITION IN TAMIL TERMINOLOGY பெயர்கள் – Peyarkal ● Right Hand வலது கை – Valathu Kai ● Left Hand இடது கை – Idathu Kai ● Right Leg வலது கால் – Valathu Kaal ● Left Leg இடது கால் – Idathu Kaal 14.4 BASIC PUNCHES AND KICKS அடிப்படை குத்து வகைகள் & உகதத்தல் – Kuttu Vagaigal & Uthaittal 14.4.1 Basic Punch குத்து (Kuttu) Trainings Principles: ● Punching flows (static while standing in a circle / instep movement) 14.4.2 Basic Kicks காலால் உலதத்தலின் அடிப்படை வகைகள் (Kaalal-Uthaittalin Adipadai Vagaigal) Trainings Principles: ● Kicking flows (while standing in a circle) from beginning stage at kicks of 20x / 50x / 100x and gradually increasing up to 1,000x kicks ● Controlled Full-contact Sparring (with partner / in-line) A kick is a physical strike using the foot, leg, or knee (the latter is also known as a knee strike). This type of attack is used frequently by hooved animals as well as humans in the context of stand-up fighting. Various types of kicks in Silambam and Kuttuvarisai which play a significant role. 14.4.2.1 Types of Kicks (in Kuttuvarisai) [When saying the kicks, add this #1]: ● Nadai Potu (move step forward) ● Ninna idattil (from static standing position) [When saying the kicks, add this #2]: ● Idathu Kaal'al (with Right leg) ● Valathu Kaal'al (with Left leg) [Type of kicks, add this #3]: ● Mun Yettu / Ner Yettu (Front kick) ● Pin Yettu (Back kick) ● Pakka Yettu (Sidekick) ● Vilagi Yettu (Roundhouse kick after parrying) ● Muga Yettu / Thalai Yettu (Roundhouse kick to face/head) ● Vila Yettu (Roundhouse kick to ribs) ● Alai Yettu (Wave kicks / Reversed Roundhouse kick) ● Thulli Yettu / Thulludan Yettu (Jump / Flying kick) ● Tarai Yettu (Roundhouse kick at ground level) ● Kuthirai Yettu (Horseback kick -facing forward with hook backward to groin level with back of heel) TIPS: How to say in Tamil Language (combine above #1+#2+#3) Spelled as = Ninna idattil Idathu Kaal'al Vila Yettu Means: from static standing position, with Right leg, Roundhouse kick to ribs. 14.5 PUNCHES AND BLOCKING 1-10 குத்து மற்றும் கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 14.5.1 Kuttu Kattu 1 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 1 14.5.2 Kuttu Kattu 2 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 2 14.5.3 Kuttu Kattu 3 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 3 14.5.4 Kuttu Kattu 4 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 4 14.5.5 Kuttu Kattu 5 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 5 14.5.6 Kuttu Kattu 6 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 6 14.5.7 Kuttu Kattu 7 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 7 14.5.8 Kuttu Kattu 8 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 8 14.5.9 Kuttu Kattu 9 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 9 14.5.10 Kuttu Kattu 10 குத்து கட்டு – Kuttu Kattu 10 14.6 GRAPPLING (GRIPS & LOCKS) – BASIC 1-10 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 14.6.1 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 1 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 1 14.6.2 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 2 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 2 14.6.3 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 3 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 3 14.6.4 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 4 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 4 14.6.5 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 5 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 5 14.6.6 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 6 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 6 14.6.7 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 7 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 7 14.6.8 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 8 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 8 14.6.9 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 9 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 9 14.6.10 Kuttu Kattu (with Pidi) 10 பிடிவரிசை – Pidivarisai 10 14.7 NILAY PATTERN – POSTURES / STANCES FLOW OF 10 STANCES (for Endurance) நிலைக் கட்டுவரிசை – Nilay Kattuvarisai Nilay Kattu is a pattern of defensive stances. Every positions/movements in this pattern are guarded well to prevent from opponents’ attacks. Usually, instructors will test each student in every single positions/movements by making some sorts of full-contact attack sequences to see defensive positions well-guarded by student. This routine is sometimes hard for beginners in Silambam. For kids as Kuttuvarisai beginners, simple stances (Nilay Kattu) which emphasize in exercise / warming-up approach is used to focus in strengthen their stances, correcting their postures, body balance, body flexibility, adjust metabolism level and also to increase memory. 14.8 PATTERN Sala-Varisai is also known as basic pattern for Silambam. Usually performed before fights, prior to tournament, exhibit talents and to respect instructor, audience, etc. 14.8.1 Instructor Salutation – Pattern 1 குரு சலாவரிசை – Guru Salavarisai 1 14.8.2 Salavarisai 2 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 2 14.8.3 Salavarisai 3 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 3 14.8.4 Salavarisai 4 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 4 14.8.5 Salavarisai 5 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 5 14.8.6 Salavarisai 6 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 6 14.8.7 Salavarisai 7 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 7 14.8.8 Salavarisai 8 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 8 14.8.9 Salavarisai 9 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 9 14.8.10 Salavarisai 10 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 10 14.8.11 Salavarisai 11 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 11 14.8.12 Salavarisai 12 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 12 14.8.13 Salavarisai 13 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 13 14.9 DEFENSIVE / EVASIVE OF ATTACKS 1-10 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 14.9.1 Othekkum 1 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 1 14.9.2 Othekkum 2 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 2 14.9.3 Othekkum 3 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 3 14.9.4 Othekkum 4 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 4 14.9.5 Othekkum 5 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 5 14.9.6 Othekkum 6 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 6 14.9.7 Othekkum 7 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 7 14.9.8 Othekkum 8 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 8 14.9.9 Othekkum 9 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 9 14.9.10 Othekkum 10 ஒதுக்கம் – Othekkum 10 14.10 CLOSE COMBAT LOCKS 1-5 ரகார்லவ – Korvai 14.10.1 Korvai 1 ரகார்லவ – Korvai 1 14.10.2 Korvai 2 ரகார்லவ – Korvai 2 14.10.3 Korvai 3 ரகார்லவ – Korvai 3 14.10.4 Korvai 4 ரகார்லவ – Korvai 4 14.10.5 Korvai 5 ரகார்லவ – Korvai 5 14.11 OFFENSIVE / ATTACKING 1-5 அடிவரிலச – Adivarisai 14.11.1 Adivarisai 1 அடிவரிலச – Adivarisai 1 14.11.2 Adivarisai 2 அடிவரிலச – Adivarisai 2 14.11.3 Adivarisai 3 அடிவரிலச – Adivarisai 3 14.11.4 Adivarisai 4 அடிவரிலச – Adivarisai 4 14.11.5 Adivarisai 5 அடிவரிலச – Adivarisai 5 14.12 PATTERN – ADVANCED 1-5 தனி சலாவரிசை – Tani Salavarisai 1-5 14.12.1 Tani Salavarisai 1 தனி சலாவரிசை – Tani Salavarisai 1 14.12.2 Tani Salavarisai 2 தனி சலாவரிசை – Tani Salavarisai 2 14.12.3 Tani Salavarisai 3 தனி சலாவரிசை – Tani Salavarisai 3 14.12.4 Tani Salavarisai 4 தனி சலாவரிசை – Tani Salavarisai 4 14.12.5 Tani Salavarisai 5 தனி சலாவரிசை – Tani Salavarisai 5 14.13 GRAPPLING (GRIPS & LOCKS) – ADVANCED 1-5 தனிப்பிடி – Tanipidi 1-5 14.13.1 Tanipidi 1 தனிப்பிடி – Tanipidi 1 14.13.2 Tanipidi 2 தனிப்பிடி – Tanipidi 2 14.13.3 Tanipidi 3 தனிப்பிடி – Tanipidi 3 14.13.4 Tanipidi 4 தனிப்பிடி – Tanipidi 4 14.13.5 Tanipidi 5 தனிப்பிடி – Tanipidi 5 14.14 FREESTYLE PERFORMANCE – SINGLE/PARTNER/GROUP தனித்திறமை – Tanitiramay

Trainings Principles: Weapon based Self-defense styles சிலம்பம் – Silambam 15.1 THE SILAMBAM INTRODUCTION A homophone is a word that has the same sound as another word but is spelled differently and has a different meaning. ● Silambam ● Silambu ● Silambatam ● Silambattam ● Stick fencing ● Staff fencing Silambam (Tamil: சிலம்பம்) or Silambattam (Tamil: சிலம்பாட்டம்) – Indian Traditional Martial Arts or ancient arts of survival science originated from Tamil Nadu (South India) date estimated to have originated in approximately 1000 BCE, with oral folklore traces it back even further, claiming a history of more than 3500 years tracing back to the Indus Valley Civilization until to pre-historic era. Several artifacts found in the form of drawing depicted human carrying Silambam stick, Spear (Vel-Kambu) and trident shapes on the stones or caves wall, carving and figures in the ancient coins, pot, and stones. In addition, Silambam name has been mentioned as an ancient fighting style in Tamil Sangam literature 400 BCE and practiced until today. Several substantial essences in the Indian Traditional Martial Arts of Silambam has been gradually forgotten, severely lost or destroyed with its crucial information of ancient texts during the ancient war, modern war, political suppression, economic changes, climate changes, migration of population to other regions or countries and for many other reasons. To retain its existence from further lost, several Silambam practitioners and their ancestors or lineage practitioners made a great effort to re-compile the historical findings, which are kept secretly hidden by some village tribes or community, caste or clan, in several countries in Asia, and they have restored some original form of Indian traditional martial arts. Today, Silambam are practiced as a long stick fencing, recreational displays and wielding of Indian traditional weapons. Silambam main focus is on the rattan or bamboo staff. The length of the Silambam stick or staff depends on the height of the practitioner. It should long enough to just touch the forehead about three fingers from the head, although different lengths are used in different situations. Silambam stick or staff usually measures roughly 1.68 meters (five and a half feet). The 3 feet short stick called Sedikuchi can be easily concealed. A separate practice is needed for staff of different lengths. The usual stance includes holding the staff at one end, right hand close to the back, left hand about 40 centimeters (16 inches) away. This position allows a wide array of stick and body movements, including in complex attacks, parry or blocks. 15.2 THE HISTORY OF SILAMBAM சிலம்பம் வரலாற்று – Silambam Varalattru 15.2.1 Legend Oral folklore traces Silambam back several thousand years to the Siddha (enlightened sage) Agastya. While on his way to Vellimalai, Agastya discussed Hindu philosophy with an old man he met, said to be Lord Murugan in disguise. The old man taught him of kundalini and how to focus prana through the body’s nadi (channels). Agastya practiced this method of meditation and eventually compiled three texts on palm leaves based on the God’s teachings. One of these texts was the Kampu Sutra (Staff Classic) which was said to record advanced fighting theories in verse. These poems and the art they described were allegedly passed on to other Siddha of the Agastmuni akhara (Agastya school of fighting) and eventually formed the basis of the both Silambam and the southern style of Kalaripayattu. Ancient Sage Agastya sculpture 15.2.2 History வரலாற்று – Varalattru References in the Silappadikkaram and other works of Sangam literature show that Silambam has been practiced as far back as the 2nd century BC. Oral folklore traces it back even further, claiming a history of 3500 years. Gingee Fort, Senji Fort, Chenji Fort, Jinji or Senchi Fort SILAMBAKKOODAM – Gingee Fort or Senji Fort (also known as Chenji, Jinji or Senchi) (பசஞ்சிக்வகாட்கட – Chenji Kottai) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District (Nearby cities: Villupuram City, Puducherry, Tiruvannamalai), 160 kilometers (99 mi) from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and the British called it the “Troy of the East”. Legend and Etymology The Bijapur Nawabs who held the fort from about 1660 to 1677 AD called it Badshabad, while the Marathas who succeeded them called it Chandry or Chindy. The Mughals, on their capture of the fort in 1698 A.D., named it Nusratgadh in honor of Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat-Jang, the commander-in-chief of the besieging army. Later, the English and the French called it Gingee or Jinji. The early Madras records of the English give the spelling Chingee or Chengey. As per Tamil legend, the tragic tale of Raja Tej Singh, popularly known in Tamil as Thesingu Raasan, is associated with the fort. The true-life story of Tej Singh and his general, Mehboob Khan (aka Maavuthukaran), who were friends, has inspired many poems, street plays, and countless other stories. He was the son of Swarup Singh and revolted against the Nawab of Arcot, and was defeated and killed in the war that followed. Though Gingee became a part of the Nawab's territory in 1714, the young and courageous Tej Singh became a legend and his life, love and brave but tragic end were eulogized in various ballads. The bamboo staff – along with swords, pearls, and armor – was in great demand with foreign traders, particularly those from Southeast Asia where Silambam greatly influenced many fighting systems. The Indian community of the Malay Peninsula is known to have practiced Silambam as far back as the period of Melaka's founding in the 1400’s and likely much earlier. The soldiers of Kings Puli Thevar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman and Maruthu Pandiyar (1760–1799) relied mainly on their Silambam prowess in their warfare against the British Army. Silambam (the Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports) suffered a decline after the British colonists banned Silambam along with various other systems. They also introduced modern western military training, which favored firearms over traditional weaponry. During this time, Silambam became more common in Southeast Asia than its native India where the British rulers banned it. The ban was lifted after India achieved independence. Today, Silambam is the most famous and widely practiced Indian martial art in Malaysia where demonstrations are held for cultural shows. Terminology & Etymological Research of Silambam Etymological Research of Silambam (Book: Silambam Fencing from India – Author: J. David Manuel Raj); ● Etymological research on the Tamil word of 'Silambam' denoting the staff-play, which has been very popular in Tamil Nadu since the dawn of the Sangam era, is highly interesting. 'Silambam' is an onomatopoeic term from the swishing sound produced when an elastic cane staff or a staff of softwood, uniform (equally balance) in cross-section and of a length, which is a little less than that of the performer, is brandished with power and vigor and hit against another in the process of the play or dueling. ● Letter from N. Sethuragunathan, Professor of Tamil, V.H.N. Senthikumara Nadar College, Virudhunagar, October 5, 1966 – Such nomenclature is sanctioned by the rules of derivation of nominal in Tamil grammar ● Letter from Dr. M. Varadarajan, Professor of Tamil, University of Madras, October 17, 1966 – According to Dr. M. Varadarajan, " 'Silambu' means either a mountain or an anklet or merely 'to sound' (as a verb). It might have been originally devoted to Silambam which is known to be Indian Traditional Martial Arts in the mountains or accompanied by some rhythmical sound." The practice of wearing jingling anklets called 'Silambu' in Tamil by the participants in this Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports in some parts of Tamil Nadu might also have been the cause for its being named 'Silambam.' Other Findings in Terminology of Silambam Online: Silambam Houston Bharatanatyam; ● The word Silambam in Tamil was referred to as ‘Samu’ in Telugu, in the Sangita Saramruta of King Tulaja of Tanjore (1729-1735) indicating the practice of dance. It is the name by which Bharatanatyam was known, and the dance hall itself was called the ‘Silamba Koodam’ in the olden days. Bharatanatyam is the most widely known and exalted of the classical Indian dance forms. It has existed in its present form for about 70 years, but its roots can be traced back several hundreds of years. 15.3 TAMIL PROVERBS, TRANSLITERATION, MEANINGS தமிழ் பழமொழிகள் Transliteration Tamil Meanings Koothaadi Silambam porukku nillaathu. கூத்தாடிச் சிலம்பம் வபாருக்கு நில்லாது! The mock Silambam played for the gallery will be useless in war! Naanthaan koppan, Nallamuthupperan, Velli Silambu eduthu vilayaada vaaren; Thanga silambu eduthu thali katta vaaren. நான் தான் கோப்பன், நல்லமுத்து பேரன்; வெள்ளி சிலம்பு எடுத்து விளையாட வாரேன்; தங்கச் சிலம்பு எடுத்துத் தாலி கட்டவாரேன்! I am the hero, the grandson of Nallamuthu. I come with a silver staff to show my dexterity in Silambam play and with a golden ornament to tie a matrimonial knot! Aasan idari vizhunthaal, athuvum oru varisai. ஆசான் இடறி விழுந்தால், அதுவும் ஒரு வரிசை! Even the fall of a Silambam expert is also part of the Silambam techniques! Kambukku etti nirkaathey, Katthikku etti nil. கம்புக்கு எட்டி நிற்காத! கத்திக்கு எட்டி நில்! In staff fights, keep closer to the adversary; but in knife fights, keep a good distance from him! Kalvi, kadal, kambu immoondirkum karai Kandaar ilar. கல்வி, கடல், கம்பு இம்மூன்றிற்கும் கரை கண்டார் இலர்! There is no end for education, no bound for the sea, and no limit for Silambam techniques. Mun nindravan, Kambu asainthaal avan maranam. முன் நின்றவன் கம்பு அசைந்தால் அவன் மரணம்! A slightly wrong movement on the part of an adversary's staff may deal a deathblow to him. Thalaikku vantha adi, Thalaipagaiyodu ponathu. தலைக்கு வந்த அடி தலைப்பாகையோடு போனது! The turban cloth saved the hit directed to the head! References: ● Guruji Dr. Murugan Chillayah. (2012). Founder of World Silambam Association, Certified Silambam Instructor & Certified Yogi (eRYT-500). World Silambam Association (WSA). http://silambam.world ● Raj, J. David Manuel (1977). The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-defense Sport of India. Oregon: College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Univ. of Oregon. m/s. pp. 44, 50, & 83. ● Sports Authority of India (1987). Indigenous Games and Martial Arts of India. New Delhi: Sports Authority of India. m/s. pp. 91 & 94. 15.4 SILAMBAM STYLES OF PLAY / VARIATION சிலம்பம் வகைகள் – Silambam Vagaigal There are two types or category of Silambam, such as: ● Silambattam (சிலம்பாட்டம்) / Azhangara Silambam (அலங்காரச் சிலம்பம்) is Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports, culture and exhibition. ** NOT effective for combat / fights ** ● Silambam (சிலம்பம்) / Por Silambam (போர் சிலம்பம்) is combative purpose ** VERY effective for combat / fights ** There are numerous sub-sects, styles of play or variation used in Silambam, such as: ● Kallan Pattu (thieves of ten) (கள்ைன் பத்து – Kallan Pattu) ● Kallankampu (கள்ைன்கம்பு – Kallankampu) ● Kalyana Varisai (similar to quarterstaff) (கல்யாண வரிசை – Kalyana Varisai) ● Karnatakan (practiced in southern Karnataka) ● Kida muttu (goat head butting) (கிடா முட்டு – Kida Muttu) ● Komberi Mookan (பகாம்வபறி மூக்கன் – Komberi Mookan) ● Kuravanchi (குறவஞ்சி – Kuravanchi), which mostly practiced in Kerala. ● Kuttu Kuravanchi (குத்து குறவஞ்சி – Kuttu Kuravanchi) ● Marakkanam (மைக்காைம் – Marakkanam) ● Minnal Veeran (மின்னல் வீரன் – Minnal Veeran) ● Minnal Vettu (மின்னல் வெட்டு – Minnal Vettu) ● Nagam-16 (cobra-16) (நாகம் பதினாறு – Nagam Pathinaru) ● Naga Pasanam (நாக பாசைம் – Naga Pasanam) ● Nagatali (நாகதாளி – Nagatali) ● Nagasiral (நாகசீைல் – Nagasiral) ● Nillaikkalakki (practiced in some part of Malaysia and Singapore) ● Panaiyeri Mallan (பகைவயறி மல்லு – Panaiyeri) ● Paarvai Vilayaattu (பார்வை விளையாட்டு – Parvai vilaiyattu) ● Thulukkanam (துலுக்கணம் – Tulukkanam) ● Tomman Kuttu Each abovesaid sub-sects is unique and may differ from one another in grip, posture (அங்க ஸ்திதி – Anka Stithi / நிலை – Nilay), footwork (காலடி வரிசை – Kaaladi varisai), method of attack (தாக்குதல் முறை – Taakuthal Murai), length of the stick, movement of the stick, etc. 15.5 SILAMBAM SALUTATION (BASIC SALUTATION WITH WEAPONS) மரியாதை செலுத்துதல் – Mariyathai Seluttuthal 15.6 INTRODUCTION OF SILAMBAM STAFF சிலம்பம் ஆயுத வகைகள் – Silambam Ayudha Vagaigal 15.6.1 Rattan Types பிரம்பு வகைகள் – Pirambu Vagaigal Silambam has primary focus on the bamboo staff. The length of the staff depends on the height of the practitioner. Ideally, it should just touch the forehead about three fingers from the head, typically measuring around 1.68 meters (five and a half feet). Different lengths may be used depending on the situation. For instance, the Sedikuchi or 3-foot stick can be easily concealed. Separate practice is needed for staffs of different lengths. The staff used in Silambam is usually of Cane (Rattan) / Bamboo / Hardwood (rarely used), the first two being preferred. However, most of the experts prefer flexible cane staff to bamboo staff due to its flexibility and durability. Typical names of Rattan used for Silambam in Malaysia: ● Manau (Calamus manan) 1st. Grade rattan, high quality, heavy, stronger and durable for training/combat usage ● Semambu 2nd. Grade rattan, lightweight and having an elastic nature ● Tohiti (Calamus inops Becc. ex Heyne) ● Krai ● Red Malacca ● Golden Baladi ● Mantang ● Red Pahang ● White Tanah ● White Malacca ● Rotan Putih (Calamus albus Pers.) ● Rotan Merah (Kolthalsia laciniosa Griff. ex Mart.) 15.6.2 Some experts prefer staves of hardwood trees, such as: Mesua Ferrea (நங்கு – Nangu) Also known as Ceylon ironwood / Indian rose chestnut / Cobra's saffron or locally / Penaga Lilin / Na in Sinhalese or Nahar aka Nahor Lepisanthes Alata (நாகொட – Nakota) Acacia Catechu (கருங்காலி – Karungali) Also known as Ebony. Image of Acacia catechu with the trunk captured at Hyderabad. Euphorbia Splendens Teak (தேக்கு – Tekku) Hemicyclia Travancorica (வெள்ளை பிள்ளை – Vellai Pillai) References: ● Guruji Dr. Murugan Chillayah. (2012). Founder of World Silambam Association, Certified Silambam Instructor & Certified Yogi (eRYT-500). World Silambam Association (WSA). http://silambam.world 15.6.3 Traditional Treatment When the cane is selected, care is taken to prevent from cracks and fissures. 1) Cane usually found in jungle near to riverbanks or hill areas. Selected cane will be plugged or chopped according to preferred length. Generally preferred length of staff would be little less than the height of the person whom going to use it (preferred height will be from flat ground to temple of head). The preferred thickness with diameter ranges of 1/2 inches to 1 inch. If thickness is less, it will be easily cracked/broken and if too thick will be difficult to handle or hold upon usage. 2) Most person prefer to use a smooth surface of staff than very rough surface (to prevent from hand/palm injuries). Therefore, the outer layer of cane, which rough or with thorns will be removed by scrapping method using sharp knife or sharp edge of broken glass. 3) It is then, implant deep inside riverbank sand (clay sand preferred) in vertical position and leftover for few weeks. This is to make the clay of riverbank give heating process by natural to harden the staff. Do not leave any part of staff to expose externally, due to rainwater or air exposure/sunlight will damage the internal cane structure, which exposed. This is why implanting of cane required to be deep inside clay sand. 4) After 1 or 2 weeks, implanted cane at riverbank clay sand removed. Use water to clean the clay or sand remnants on surface of cane. 5) Any bend can be corrected by treating it with castor oil, then suitably warming it in fire and trampling it underfoot with moderate pressure. It is checked by fixing it straight on the ground with stays. 6) Sometimes, cane may be soaked in linseed oil to make it more resilient (but castor oil preferred by most). To prevent cracking at both tips/end of cane, metallic rings are fixed at the both ends of staff. Storing Methods When the staff is to be stored, it should be either kept vertically or laid horizontally to prevent distortion or warping. The traditional method of storing, by tied the staff to a straight tree or straight branch of a tree. 15.7 POSTURES / STANCES அங்க ஸ்திதி – Anga Stithi Silambam Nilay This is the position in which you hold your body upright against gravity while standing, sitting or lying down. Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. The instructor will guide the students to practice good posture in school and at home. We will give the students a mental picture of good posture and good spinal management. Techniques Beginners are taught footwork known as Kaaladi (காலடி) which they must master before learning spinning techniques and patterns, and methods to change the spins without stopping the motion of the stick. There are sixteen of them among which four are very important. Footwork patterns are the key aspects of Silambam and Kuttuvarisai (குத்துவரிசை) (empty hands form). Traditionally, the masters first teach Kaaladi for a long time before proceeding to Kuttuvarisai. Training in Kuttuvarisai allows the practitioner to get a feel of Silambam stick movements using their bare hands, that is, fighters have a preliminary training with bare hands before going to the stick. Gradually, fighters study footwork to move precisely in conjunction with the stick movements. The ultimate goal of the training is to defend against multiple armed opponents. In Silambam as well as Kuttuvarisai, Kaaladi is the key in deriving power for the blows. It teaches how to advance and retreat, to get in range of the opponent without lowering one's defense, aids in hitting and blocking, and it strengthens the body immensely enabling the person to receive non-lethal blows and still continue the battle. The whole body is used to create power. The usual stance includes holding the staff at one end, right hand close to the back, left hand about 40 centimeters (16 inches) away. This position allows a wide array of stick and body movements, including complex attacks and blocks. As with some northern Chinese systems, the Silambam staff is said to have "one head", meaning that only one end is primarily used for attacking. When the student reaches the final stage, the staff gets sharpened at one end. In real combat, the tips may be poisoned. The ultimate goal of the training is to defend against multiple armed opponents. Silambam prefers the hammer grip with main hand facing down behind the weak hand that faces up. The strong hand grips the stick about a distance hand's width and thumb's length from the end of the stick and the weak hand is a thumb's length away from the strong hand. The weak hand only touches the stick and to guide its movement. Silambam stresses ambidexterity and besides the preferred hammer grip, there are other ways of gripping the staff. Because of the way of the stick is held and its relatively thin diameter, blows to the groin are very frequent and difficult to block. Besides the hammer grip, Silambam uses the poker grip and ice pick grip as well. Some blocks and hits are performed using the poker grip. The ice pick grip is used in single hand attacks. The staff is held like a walking stick and just hand gets inverted using the wrist. In battle, a fighter holds the stick in front of their body stretching the arms three-quarters full. From there, they can initiate all attacks with only a movement of the wrist. In fact, most Silambam moves are derived from wrist movement, making it a key component of the style. The blow gets speed from the wrist and power from the body through Kaaladi. Since the stick is held in front, strikes are telegraphic, that is, the fighter does not hide their intentions from the opponent. They attack with sheer speed, overwhelming the adversary with a continuous non-stop rain of blows. In Silambam, one blow leads to and aids another. Bluffs may also be used by disguising one attack as another. In addition to the strikes, Silambam also has a variety of locks called Pootu. A fighter must always be careful while wielding the stick or they will be grappled and lose the fight. Locks can be used to disable the enemy or simply capture their weapon. Techniques called thirappu are used to counter the locks but these must be executed before being caught in a lock. Silambam also has many different types of avoiding an attack like blocking, parrying, enduring, rotary parrying, hammering (with the stick), kolluvuthal (attacking and blocking simultaneously) and evasive moves such as sitting or kneeling, moving out, jumping high, etc. Against multiple attackers, Silambam exponents do not hold out their sticks as they do in single combat. Instead, they assume one of the numerous animal stances, which makes it difficult for opponents to predict the next attack. An expert Silambam stylist will be familiar with Varma Adi (pressure point fighting) and knows where to strike anywhere in the body to produce fatal or crippling effects by the least use of power. In one-on-one combat, an expert would just slide his stick to opponents’ wrist many times during combat. The opponent may not notice this in the heat of battle until they feel a sudden pain in the wrist and throw the stick automatically without knowing what hit them. When two experts match against each other, one may challenge the other that he will hit his big toe. Hitting the big toe can produce crippling effects on the fighter, making them abandon the fight. This is called Solli Adithal (சொல்லி அடித்தல்) which means, "Challenging and successfully hitting". 15.8 SILAMBAM – MECHANICAL USAGE AND FUNCTIONAL Silambam Ayudham Muraigal 15.9 DISTANCE OF STAFF GRIPS RECOGNITION ● Proximal (Situated nearest to point of attachment or origin) ● Distal (Situated farthest from point of attachment or origin) ● Fingers Distance Measurement (VERY IMPORTANT FOR BASE HAND: distance of 3 fingers from ending of staff is important before doing close grip / wide grip) ● Elbow Distance Measurement (VERY IMPORTANT FOR FORWARD HAND: this is subsequent distance measurement after measure with 3 fingers distal) 15.10 SILAMBAM STAFF GRIPS கை பிடி வகை – Kai Pidi Vagai ● Ready Open Palm (VERY IMPORTANT: open palm; do not leave gap in-between fingers) ● Ready Closed Palm ● Middle Grip Single Hand ● Middle Grip Both Hand ● Middle Grip Reversed Up ● Close Grip ● Close Grip Reversed ● Wide Grip Left ● Wide Grip Left Reversed ● Wide Grip Left Open Palm ● Wide Grip Left Open Palm Down ● Wide Grip Right ● Wide Grip Right Reversed ● Wide Grip Center ● Wide Grip Right Closed Palm Underarm ● Wide Grip Right Open Palm Underarm 15.11 CUT (FRONT) வெட்டு – Vettu TOP CUT begin from left side. Place tip of Silambam staff on the ground beside heel of left leg and begin cut. ● Top Cut (Left Side) (மேல் வெட்டு – Mel Vettu) - Swings of staff from top to down ● Top Cut (Right Side) (மேல் வெட்டு – Mel Vettu) - Swings of staff from top to down ● Top Cut (Reversed) (மேல் மாற்று வெட்டு – Mel Mattru Vettu) - Swings of staff from top to down LOW CUT begins from right side. Place tip of Silambam staff on the ground “in front” big toe of right feet and begin cut with kicking Silambam tip with big toe. ● Low Cut (Right Side) (கீழ் வெட்டு – Kile Vettu) - Swings of staff from bottom to up ● Low Cut (Left Side) (கீழ் வெட்டு – Kile Vettu) - Swings of staff from bottom to up ● Low Cut –Reversed (கீழ் மாற்று வெட்டு – Kile Matru Vettu) - Swings of staff from bottom to up ● Armpit Cut (அலை வெட்டு – Alai Vettu) - Swings from under-armpit direct to opponent's head/shoulder 15.12 SWINGS & SWEEPS சுற்று முறைகள் – Suttru Muraigal 15.12.1 Swings Stationary சுழற்றுதல் – Chulatruthal 15.12.2 Swings வீச்சு – Veechu Its treats to watch. The spectacular traditional swings are given below. These swings were practiced with rhythm and accompanied with folk songs or folk music instruments. Front Swing முன் வீச்சு – Mun Veechu One Hand / Single Handed Swing ஒற்றை கை வீச்சு – Ottrai Kai Veechu Alternate Hand Swing கை மாற்று வீச்சு – Kai Maatru Veechu Double-Handed Swing இரட்டை கை வீச்சு – Irattai Kai Veechu Armpit Swing அக்குள் வீச்சு – Akkul Veechu Back Swing பின் வீச்சு – Pin Veechu Side Swing பக்க வீச்சு – Pakka Veechu Below the feet Swing Bodyline Swings (over-arm & under-arm) Center Grip Swing மத்தி பிடி வீச்சு – Mattippidi Veechu Circle Swing வட்டம் வீச்சு – Vattam Veechu Crowd Press Swing கூட்டம் கைலக்கும் வீச்சு – Koottam Kalaikkum Veechu Display Swing அலங்காரம் வீச்சு – Alanggaram Veechu அழகு வீச்சு – Alagu Veechu Disguised Flourishes மயக்கமுறை கேக்கும் வீச்சு – Mayakamurai Vaikkum Veechu Dog Swing நாய் வீச்சு – Nai Veechu Guarded Move Swing பம்மல் – Pammal "Coiling up method" to confuse opponent and trick in direction of attack/defence Leg Swing கால் வீச்சு – Kaal Veechu Military Swing பகட வீச்சு – Padai Veechu Monkey Swing குரங்கு வீச்சு – Kuranggu Veechu Overhead Swing தகல வமவல வீச்சு – Talai Mel Veechu Pivot Swing துள்ைலுடன் வீச்சு – Thullaludan Veechu Round the head Swing தகல சுற்றி வீச்சு – Talai Suttri Veechu Spectacular Swing கண்கேர் வீச்சு – Kankavar Veechu Ten (10) Finger Swing பத்து விைல் சுற்றி வீச்சு – Pattu Viral Suttri Veechu 15.12.3 Sweeps வீச்சு – Veechu / Viccu Hawk Sweep கழுகு / பருந்து வீச்சு – Kalugu Veechu / Parunthin Veechu Under Arm Sweep கீழ் கை வீச்சு – Keel Kai Veechu Sweep Hit வேகமாக வீச்சு அடி – Vegamaga Veechu Adi Monkey Sweep குரங்கு வீச்சு – Kuranggu Veechu 15.12.4 Threatening Guise Swing மிைட்டல் – Mirrattal 15.12.5 Wipe Guard மறுப்பு / கட்டு – Maruppu / Kattu 15.13 THRUST குத்து – Kuttu 15.14 CHOP அருப்பு – Aruppu ● Right Chops வலது அருப்பு – Valathu Aruppu Swings of staff like chopping trees sideways. ● Standing / Squad / Leaning on the floor ● Left Chops இடது அருப்பு – Idathu Aruppu Swings of staff like chopping trees sideways. ● Standing ● Squad ● Leaning on the floor ● Armpit Chop அக்குள் வெட்டு – Akkul Vettu ● Right ● Left 15.15 HITS அடி வகை – Adi Vagai ● Standing / Squad / Leaning on the floor OTHER TYPES OF HITS (VARIATION): ● Monkey Hit / Snake Hit / Hawk Hit / Spring Hit / Straight Hit (always used) / Roundabout Hit (always used) 15.16 FOOTWORK காலடி வரிசை – Kaaladi Varisai 15.17 EXPLANATORY OF POSTURES / STANCES – STATIONARY / STEPS நிலைகள் – Nilaygal 15.18 NILAY PATTERN – POSTURES / STANCES FLOW (for Endurance) – 10 STANCES நிலைக் கட்டுவரிசை – Nilay Kattuvarisai 15.19 PATTERN சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 15.19.1 Instructor Salutation – Pattern 1 சலாவரிசை – Guru Salavarisai 1 15.19.2 Salavarisai 2 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 2 15.19.3 Salavarisai 3 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 3 15.19.4 Salavarisai 4 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 4 15.19.5 Salavarisai 5 சலாவரிசை – Salavarisai 5 15.20 PROGRESSIVE STROKE அடிவரிசை – Adivarisai 1-10 15.21 TRICKY MOVES / FEINTING ஏமாற்றும் வரிசை – Eimattrum Varisai 15.22 LOCKS பூட்டு வபாடல் – Pootu Podal 15.23 DISARMING WEAPONS கம்கபப் பறித்தல் – Kambai Parittal 15.24 FREESTYLE PERFORMANCE – SINGLE / PARTNER / GROUP தனித் திறமை – Tani Tiramay 15.25 CLOSING SESSION (COOL-DOWN STRETCHING) 15.26 SILAMBAM OTHER WEAPONS (OPTIONAL) (Variation of Weapons based Self-defense styles) ஆயுதப் பிரிவுகள் – Ayutha Pirivugal Long staff சிலம்பம் – Silambam The staff used in Silambam is usually of Cane (Rattan) / Bamboo / Hardwood (rarely used), the first two being preferred. However, most of the experts prefer flexible cane staff to bamboo staff due to its flexibility and durability. Silambam (Silambam சிைம்பம்): staff, preferably made from bamboo, but sometimes also from teak or Indian rose chestnut wood. It is often tipped with metal rings to prevent the tips from being damaged. Short staff / Quarterstaff பசடி குச்சி – Sedi Kuchi / Muchan Muchan, which transliterate in English as short staff of the length equivalent to three spans. Such a short staff also could be wielded to advantage for purposes of defense and offense or fancy displays. Sedikuchi / Muchan is a type of short stick or cudgel, often wielded as a pair. Palm stick பபாடி குச்சி / ஜான் குச்சி – Podi Kuchi / Jaan Kuchi Podi Kuchi / Jaan Kuchi (which transliterate in English- Podi as 'smallest'; Jaan as 'palm length from tip of middle finger to end of palm'; Kuchi as a 'stick'; which Podi Kuchi is also translated as a Palm-Sized Staff of the length equivalent to one palm (about size of a pen). Staff with fireballs தீப்பந்தம் / தீ பந்துகள் – Tee Pantham / Tee Panthukal Long staff with cloth rolled in ball-shaped attached at its ends, the balls are lighted with fire and the wielding of the lighted staff. Panthukal: staff with fireballs on each end (sometimes weighted chains on each end with fireballs) Deer horn மான் பகாம்பு / மடுவு – Maan Kombu / Maduvu Originating among the Dravidians of South India, it is primarily made out of deer horns (Maan Kombu). It is treated like a double-bladed dagger. Silambam experts use this weapon to confront Silambam staff fencing opponent in various methods, for defensive or offensive. Maan Kombu / Maduvu is used as a thrusting weapon made from deer horns. Knuckle-duster குத்து கட்கட – Kuttu Katai / Vajra Mushti Knuckle Duster to give more impact than hand knuckles and indirectly protect knuckles from injury, for purpose of strike by punches. Knuckle Duster (Kuttu Katai), spiked knuckleduster. Short knife கத்தி – Katti Katti Sandai (Knife fighting) is close combat fight and most vulnerable attacks if one knows this art. If opponent have knife on hand, he whom defense should gain his advantage by getting himself a knife. In psychology warfare, for defensive purpose – knife vs knife is better than, knife vs empty hand. Native push dagger குத்துவாள் / கட்டாரி – Kuttuval / Kattari This makes it a very effective punching weapon. Some people describe this weapon as a prototype of the ancient Hidden Blade. Unique to South Asia, it is the most famous and characteristic of Indian daggers -known by the name of Kuttuval or Kattari. Dagger known as Kattari is a native push-dagger with H-shaped handle. Some are capable of piercing armor. The blade may be straight or wavy. Machete / Kukri (curved knife) அரிவாள் / வீச்சரிவாள் – Aarivval / Veecharivval Several types of Machete and Kukri used in Silambam optional weapons training. Aarivval: Machete, often paired (Aarivval / Veecharivval அரிவாள் / வீச்சரிவாள்) Sword ோள் – Vaal / Talwar Several types of Sword used in Silambam optional weapons training, generally curved. Whip சவுக்கு / சவுக்கை / சாட்கட – Savukku / Savukkai / Sattai Whip techniques in Silambam are known as Savukku Adi and are generally performed in mid-range combative distance. Best impact or painful if whipped at ending tip of a whip. Whips with several flexible (Savukku சவுக்கு). Long Elastic Sword சுருள் பட்டாக்கத்தி / சுருள் கத்தி – Surul Pattai Katti / Surul Katti Long sword made of flexible thin steel blades; sharp enough to cut into flesh, but flexible enough to be rolled into a tight coil. It can also be considered like a steel whip and some Silambam practitioners wield in double/triple Elastic Blades by holding in either hand / both hand (as a set of Surul Pattai). Metallic Blades of Surul Pattai/Surul Katti is a flexible sword used in Silambam. In the Malayalam, it is called the Urumi as per the Northern Kerala System of Kalaripayattu and Chuttuval in the Southern Kerala System. Indian Boomerang / Throwing stick வளரி – Valari Spear வேல்கம்பு / வேல் ஆயுதம் / ஈட்டி – Vel Kambu / Vel Ayudham / Eeti Ancient Indians extensively used the Spear as a weapon in warfare was also commonly referred by the name of Vel. Trident சூலம் / திரிசூலம் – Shula / Trishula / Trishulam

குத்துவரிசை போட்டி – Kuttuvarisai Poti This is the guidelines and structure for each competition in the Silambam tournament. It is divided by rank and age, for unarmed forms. Silambam Players from other styles may compete in the same divisions as Salavarisai (Pattern). 16.1 PATTERN SHOWCASE – TANI TIRAMAY தனித் திறமை – Tani Tiramay 16.1.1 Salavarisai (Pattern) Showcase – Individual Silambam Players will select Salavarisai (Pattern) to perform from the grade level on the entry form. Divisions are an elimination tournament format. Salavarisai (Pattern) will be performed individually. 16.1.2 Salavarisai (Pattern) Showcase – Dual / Group Silambam Players will select Salavarisai (Pattern) to perform from the grade level on the entry form. Divisions are an elimination tournament format. Salavarisai (Pattern) will be performed as a dual / group.

சிலம்ப கம்பு சண்கட / சிலம்ப போட்டி – Silambam Kambu Sandai / Silamba Poti This is the guidelines and structure for each competition in the Silambam tournament. It is divided by rank and age, for weapons forms. Silambam Players from other styles may compete in the same divisions as Salavarisai (Pattern). 17.1 PATTERN SHOWCASE – TANI TIRAMAY தனித் திறமை – Tani Tiramay 17.1.1 Salavarisai (Pattern) Showcase – Individual Silambam Players will select Salavarisai (pattern) to perform from the grade level on the entry form. Divisions are an elimination tournament format. Salavarisai (pattern) will be performed individually. 17.1.2 Salavarisai (Pattern) Showcase – Dual / Group Silambam Players will select Salavarisai (pattern) to perform from the grade level on the entry form. Divisions are an elimination tournament format. Salavarisai (pattern) will be performed as a dual/group sequence. 17.2 SPARRING BOUT – SILAMBAM STAFF FENCING சிலம்ப கம்பு சண்கட – Silambam Kambu Sandai OFFICIAL TOURNAMENT FLOWS World Tournament Continent Tournament National Tournament State Tournament (between Districts within States/Region) District League (between Clubs or Schools within Districts) Club League (within Clubs or Schools) 17.3 AGE DIVISIONS (FOR BOTH BOYS & GIRLS) Athletes under 13-years of age are not allowed to play in any official World Silambam tournament, or events organized under the auspices of the World Silambam Association (WSA) or sanctioned by the World Silambam Association (WSA). The lower age limit for all World Silambam Association (WSA) Tournaments is 13-years (calendar year). National Federation (NF) should use the term YOUTH to define “Cadets” and “Juniors” for age groups from 13-18 years, that are different to the World Silambam Association (WSA) Cadet and Junior ages. The following age categories are recognized by the World Silambam Association (WSA) categories which is divided into Men and Women & Boys and Girls (of both children and youth) divisions, and classified into as follows: SILAMBAM AGE CATEGORIES – சிலம்பம் வயது பிரிவுகள் CATEGORY AGE 9 12 13 14 15 16 18 21 35 60+ Children (Boys & Girls) Cadet Junior U-21 Senior GAMES Open Tournament Continental Tournament World Tournament Masters Tournament For Children: School Games (District, State & National) ஆரம்பப் பள்ளி குழந்தைக்கான போட்டி Parent / Guardian Consent Required பெற்றோர் / பாதுகாவலரின் ஒப்புதல் தேவை SILAMBAM AGE DEFINITION – சிலம்பம் வயது விளக்கம் CATEGORY PARENT/GUARDIAN CONSENT AGE Sub-Junior (Children) – Boys & Girls Parent/Guardian Consent REQUIRED பபற்வைார் / பாதுகாேலர் ஒப்புதல் வதகே (ஆரம்பப் பள்ளி குழந்தைக்கான போட்டி) 9, 10, 11, 12 Cadet Parent/Guardian Consent REQUIRED பபற்வைார் / பாதுகாேலர் ஒப்புதல் வதகே 13, 14, 15 Junior 16, 17 U-21 18, 19, 20, 21 Senior 18 – 34 GAMES Open Tournament Parent/Guardian Consent REQUIRED for Silambam Players if less than 18 years on Tournament Registration Date 13 – 34 Continental Tournament 13 – 34 World Tournament 13 – 34 Masters Tournament 35 – 60+ 17.4 WEIGHT DIVISIONS (FOR BOTH BOYS & GIRLS) – ( NOTE: CHART HAVE CHANGES ) World Silambam Association (WSA): World Silambam Tournaments (WST) format and schedules. World Silambam Tournaments (WST) for seniors, juniors, and cadets are typically divided into two sessions: the preliminary round and the final block. The tournament phases that take place in the sessions depend on the type of event. Any changes to this will be agreed upon and approved by the World Silambam Association (WSA). Depending on the number of Silambam players, some rounds may not be required for every category. If World Silambam Tournaments (WST) schedules additional side events beyond these categories, all relevant parties should agree upon this. Players will be weighed using the electronic weighing machine and must be within the defined weight criteria. No. SUB-JUNIOR No. JUNIOR 1. 20.000 KG – 25.000 KG 1. 35.000 KG – 42.000 KG 2. 25.001 KG – 30.000 KG 2. 42.001 KG – 49.000 KG 3. 30.001 KG – 35.000 KG 3. 49.001 KG – 59.000 KG 4. 35.001 KG – 40.000 KG 4. 59.001 KG – 70.000 KG 5. 40.001 KG – 50.000 KG < 5. 70.001 KG – 85.000 KG < No. CADET No. SENIOR 1. 30.000 KG – 35.000 KG 1. 40.000 KG – 48.000 KG 2. 35.001 KG – 40.000 KG 2. 48.001 KG – 56.000 KG 3. 40.001 KG – 45.000 KG 3. 56.001 KG – 64.000 KG 4. 45.001 KG – 50.000 KG 4. 64.001 KG – 72.000 KG 5. 50.001 KG – 55.000 KG 5. 72.001 KG – 80.000 KG 6. 55.001 KG – 62.000 KG 6. 80.001 KG – 88.000 KG 7. 62.001 KG – 75.000 KG < 7. 88.001 KG – 105.000 KG < Silambam competition required the Silambam Players to be in good physical condition. It required a lot of stamina and endurance to be able to compete in this event. Any overweight or not within weight criteria will not allowed to participate in the Silambam (the Indian Traditional Martial Arts and Sports) event due to health concern. Rehearsal weighing Silambam Players shall be allowed to check their weight on the official weigh-in scales (that will be used for the official weigh-in) one hour before the official weigh-in commences. There is no limit to how many times a Silambam Player may check his weight during the unofficial weigh-in. Official weighing Place: The weight control will take place always in only one place. The possibilities to host this control are the competition venue, the official hotel or the village (TBC for each event). Organizers must provide separate rooms for men and women. Scales: The host NF should provide enough calibrated electronic scales (at least 4 units) showing only one decimal place i.e. 48.9 Kg, 105.6 kg. The scale should be placed on a solid floor that is not carpeted. Time: Weigh-in must take place at the latest the day before the day of competition for the category, unless specified otherwise for a specific competition. The official weigh-in time for World Silambam Association (WSA) events will be duly announced on the bulletin. For any other events, this information will be distributed in advance through the communication channels. It is responsibility of the Silambam Player to be aware of this information. A Silambam Player that does not turn up for the weigh-in period or fails to weigh within the prescribed limits for the category in which the Silambam Player is registered, will be disqualified. Tolerance: The tolerance admitted for any category is 0 to 200 kg. Procedure: A minimum of two (2) World Silambam Association (WSA) officials are required at the weigh-in for each gender. One (1) to check the accreditation/passport of the Silambam Player and one to record the exact weight on the official weigh-in list. An additional six (6) staff members (official/volunteers) supplied by the host NF should also be available to control the flow of Silambam Players. Twelve (12) chairs should be supplied. To protect the privacy of the Silambam Players, officials as well as the staff members supervising the weigh-in, must be of the same gender as the Silambam Players. ● The official weigh-in will be done category by category and Silambam player by player. ● All Coaches and other team delegates must leave the weigh-in room before the start of the official weigh-in. ● The Silambam Player is allowed to stand on the scales only once during the official weigh-in period. ● Each Silambam Player shall bring to the weigh-in their accreditation card issued for the event and shall present it to the official, who will verify the identity of the Silambam Player. ● The official then invites the Silambam Player to stand on the scales. ● The Silambam Player shall weigh-in wearing only underclothing (men/boys – underpants, women/girls – underpants and bra). Any socks or additional complements must be removed. ● The Silambam Players are allowed to remove their underclothing – without stepping off the scales – to ensure they reach the minimum or the maximum weight limit of the weight category in which they are entered. ● The official supervising the weigh-in shall note and record the Silambam Player’s weight in kilograms (accurate to one decimal point of a kilogram). ● The Silambam Player steps off the scales. NOTE: No photography or filming permitted in the weigh-in area, which includes the use of mobile phones and other related communication or imagery devices. 17.5 SILAMBAM WEAPON TYPES AND SPECIFICATION The staff used in Silambam is usually cane (rattan), bamboo, or hardwood (rarely used), with the first two being preferred. Nevertheless, most of the experts prefer flexible cane (rattan) to bamboo staff due to its flexibility and durability. Yet, they may use synthetic material as a substitute for rattan or bamboo, but it requires approval from the World Silambam Association before tournament safety regulations apply. The types, structure, length, and weight of staff and their specifications are as defined below: Types of staff (used for Silambam Fencing) Manau Calamus Manan 1st Grade rattan, high quality, heavy, stronger and durable for training / Tournament /self-defense/combative usage Semambu Calamus Scipionum 2nd Grade rattan, lightweight and having an elastic nature Tohiti Calamus Inops Krai Red Malacca Golden Baladi Mantang Red Pahang White Tanah Types of wood (used for Silambam Fencing as some experts prefer staves of hardwood trees) Nangu Mesua Ferrea also known as Ceylon ironwood / Indian rose chestnut / Cobra's saffron or locally / Penaga Lilin / Na in Sinhalese or Nahar aka Nahor Nakota Lepisanthes Alata Vellai Pillai Hemicyclia Travancoria Karungali Acacia Catechu also known as Ebony / Ebony "Bamboo" Euphorbia Splendens Teak Tectona Grandis Specifications for Tournament use of Silambam (long staff) Specification Sex Junior Senior Length Men/Women ≤ 117 cm ≤ 120 cm Weight Men ≥ 440 gr ≥ 510 gr Women ≥ 400 gr ≥ 440 gr Diameter Men ≥ 25 mm ≥ 26 mm Women ≥ 24 mm ≥ 25 mm Specifications for Tournament use of Sedi Kuchi (short staff) Specification Sex Sedi Kuchi (short staff) Length Men/Women ≤ 62cm Weight Men 280-300 gr (min/max) Women 250-280 gr (min/max) Minimum diameter of protection covers of Silambam staff tip Men ≥ 24 mm Women ≥ 24 mm 17.6 FACILITIES WARM-UP ROOM ● A room with enough free floor space for a minimum of three (3) Tournament Area / Platforms for the Silambam Players to practice inside the Stadium. ● There must be a communication system between this room and the Tournament Area / Platform. ● The warm-up area will be available only for the Silambam Players play games in the current category and their accompanying coach for that category, according to the official Tournament program. ● Doctor, Medical or Silambam Players trainer: will also be able to accompany them. ● Other coaches: will have to remain in the team seats in order to avoid interference with the rest of the Silambam Players and an overcrowded warm-up area. WEIGHING ● A large room with a smaller annexed room, with separate entrance and exit, must be provided. ● The larger room will be used for disrobing and the smaller for the actual weighing. ● At least two (2) World Silambam Association officials and 6 (six) extra staff supplied by the host National Federation (NF), to control entrance and exit of the Silambam Players. ● Weighing of women will be performed separately from men. PRESS & MEDIA Press Room must be appropriate and enough capacity for journalists should be provided with the following: ● An area for press conferences with a few seats, tables for speakers. ● Backdrop with the official logo to be approved by the World Silambam Association. Have good capacity for journalists with the following: ● One (1) person from the host National Federation (NF) should always be present. ● The area should be close to the Tournament Area / Platform and must provide a good view. ● It should also have an easy access to the press room. ● It is important that this area is secure. Photographers should wear a press jacket and photographer security pass, which shall be provided by the host National Federation (NF). The zone will have to be prepared with easy access for the Silambam Players after the medal’s ceremony. Barriers will have to separate the journalists from the Silambam Players. The host National Federation (NF) will have to provide a backdrop with the official logo to be approved by the World Silambam Association. MEDICAL & ANTI-DOPING The Medical Room shall be separate from the Doping Control Station and must-have washing facilities and clean water supply. The host National Federation (NF) must ensure that the Anti-Doping room (Doping Control Station) is fully equipped according to the World Silambam Association Anti-Doping Rules. OFFICIALS & REFEREES An adequately sized restroom is required. TOURNAMENT AREA EQUIPMENT Each Tournament Area / Platform must have the following minimum equipment as described. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL They must be away from the Tournament Area / Platforms and preferably elevated, with no access for any non-official persons. 17.7 TOURNAMENT AREA / PLATFORM AREA / PLATFORM TYPE (1) for Individual (Tani Tiramay) / Pair and Team (Kulu Poti) Rectangle Floor Mat platform (no shoes) measures approximately 19m x 14m with recommended safety area minimum of 2m wide around the Tournament Area / Platform. 11m Individual (Tani Tiramay) / Pair and Team (Kulu Poti) Range 6m Tournament Area / Platform (For Individual / Team Event) 19m Safety Area 14m Timers Scorers Score Board Jury Coach Medical Medical Coach 2m 2m AREA / PLATFORM TYPE (2) for Silambam Stick Fencing Rectangle Floor Mat platform (no shoes) measures approximately 19m x 14m with recommended safety area minimum of 2m wide around the Tournament Area / Platform. Some lines (yellow, green, red, and black) were added inside the rectangle box according to measurement before the commencement of the Silambam stick-fencing tournament. 19m 3m 2m 2m 0.5m 0.5m 3m Safety Area 14m Timers Scorers Score Board Jury Coach Medical Medical Coach Center Referee (For Stick Fencing) Line Jury 1 2m 4m 2m Stick Fencing Range Red Silambam Players Blue Silambam Players Warning Line Rear Line Penalty On Guard Line

The Silambam Players Salute (Vanakkam) Prior to entering the Tournament Area, Silambam player will touch the Platform with their right hand, and then to salute with both palms together at chest area – to signify the respect of Tournament place and platform ground. After the Referee announces their names, they have to take their position inside Platform. Also, to salute the Referee, between the Silambam Players, and followed by Judges.

Left stance Stick on ground Left stance Stick touch forehead Left stance Stick on ground

20.1 SILAMBAM HAND HOLDING POSITION 20.2 PARTICIPANTS STANCES Left stances with right leg straight to back and hands holding as picture given above (right hand at end of Silambam stick and left hand in front). Left stance Left stance 20.3 SILAMBAM VANAKKAM – SALUTATION Silambam referee will commence the salutation to giving respect to everyone by using Silambam stick and followed salutation to the Judges; by doing left stance with right leg straight behind, followed by taking the Silambam stick towards forehead and bring down to ground – similar to Silambam player shown below. Left stance Stick on ground Left stance Stick touch forehead Left stance Stick on ground After salute, referee will stand straight with Silambam stick on the right shoulder. Referee then will give signal by swing left hand to call both Silambam players to get near. Thereafter, Referee will use left palm facing towards the judges to signal the Silambam player to give respect to Judges. Silambam Players will follow with: ● Left stance facing toward the judges with right leg straight to back and lifting up their Silambam stick to forehead to signal salute to the Judges. Referee then will give left hand signal with palm out front of chest and palm in to touch center of chest (heart area) – to indicate respect each other. Silambam Players will follow with: ● Performing own styles of pattern to salute the ground before walking near to referee. ● Getting closer – apart of Silambam stick length to not touch each other’s stick. ● Left stance with right leg straight to back and lifting up their Silambam stick to forehead to signal salute to opponent. Referee will remain in left stance with right leg behind and giving the hand signal to the Silambam player to get ready. Silambam Players will follow with: ● Left stance facing toward the opponent with right leg straight to back and standby for referee signal to start the match. Referee will cross hand signal to the Silambam player to get contact their stick together. Silambam Players will follow with: ● Moving closer to cross over their tip of Silambam stick and remain with left stance with right leg straight to back. Referee will hold his Silambam stick with both hands, bring underneath of both Silambam players stick and get ready to start the game. Silambam Players will follow with: ● Remain silent by looking at their opponent and waiting for referee to break the stick upward from bottom of both crossed stick to signal match START.

21.1 GENERAL RULES Each contestant must wear a clean Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform. When competing one Silambam Player will only wear his/her own belt. Finger and toenails must be cut short, no protective clothing, bandages or guards must be worn other than a groin guard and shin/instep protector of a type approved by the contest referee. In the event of injury to a Silambam Player, the wearing of bandages or other protective materials is at the absolute discretion of the tournament doctor and the head referee, whose decision shall be final and binding upon the Silambam Player. Be aware that the Silambam Organization, nor the officers of the Organization will be any way responsible for any injury or accident which may occur during the tournament. If insurance is wished, then it is upon the individual Silambam Player to secure and make his own arrangements for the cover. This is total responsibility of the individual contestant. 21.2 TIME DURATION OF TOURNAMENT The duration of the games and the paperwork shall be determined according to the rules of the Tournament. The time of a match shall be taken from when the referee signals the start of a match but the match clock is only stopped when referee command it, or when the time is up. The Silambam Tournament consists of two rounds. The first round is called “Tani Tiramay” (Silambam Individual Skills) round. The second round is called Silambam Fencing Tournament. The duration of the Silambam Fencing Tournament shall be two rounds of two minutes each, with a one-minute rest period between rounds. If tie score, third rounds of two minutes will be additional. In case of remaining tie score even after the completion of the 3rd. Round, thereafter the Tani Tiramay (Silambam Individual Skills) marks will be conducted to decide the winner, after a one-minute rest period following the 3rd. Round. The duration of each round may be adjusted to 3-minute x 2 match, and if tie will be extra 3-minute x 1 final fencing upon the decision of the Silambam Technical Committee (STC) for the pertinent championships. Any Silambam Players is entitled to a 10-minutes rest between their completed games. 21.3 SCORING POINTS The winner shall be determined on one point or two points awarded according to scoring games setting for any held tournaments. 1. Scoring for 1-point game 2. Scoring for 2-points game Upper Arms (shoulders to elbows) 1-point ONLY COLORED AREA 1-point COLORED AREA 2-point Upper Thigh (above knee until hip areas) 1-point 21.4 CRITERIA FOR DECISION ● Gently touch, hit or strike in target areas – each touch awarded point(s) and upon scoring; referee will halt the game to announce hit or no hit before continue. ● Below the neck collarbone and above the belt allowed. ● Top of the both hands (between shoulders to the elbow) allowed. ● EXCLUSION: For Silambam special rules games, outside of both legs’ thigh areas above the knee allowed (not in-between legs or groin area). ● If players’ Silambam stick dislodged from his hand, his opponent player will be declared winner. ● If players’ Silambam stick dropped because slippery, it is not scored and the player may continue the competition. ● If any player got injured or bleeding, the injured player announced as the winner. Victory by Decision When no full-point or disqualification, the decision that is supported by at least three out of the five referees is valid. Decision win When no definite Full point win or one-point win has been scored, the judges may award a win by decision based on superior techniques skill and championship winning spirit. 21.5 PROHIBITED ACTS AND TECHNIQUES The following matters may merit disqualification at the entire and absolute discretion of the referee of the contest. The contestant disqualification may give notice through his manager or coach to the official table, of his wish to appeal to the Chief Referee who, after consultation with the judges, may reinstate the disqualified contestant or endorse and confirm the match referee decision. The tournament Chief Referee's decision will be final. Silambam staff touch, hit or strike is only by using given staff, not by using the hand, elbow, and leg. Even a slight touch may result in Fouls. However, making tricky movement or feinting by using own abdominal movement or limbs is allowed. Only Silambam stick touch, hit or strike allowed, but others than that as mentioned below is not allowed: Lists of fouls: ● Silambam stick blow to hit the Groin areas ● Silambam stick blow to hit the Head areas ● Punching or pushing is NOT allowed with hands, with the body or head, basically it will be regarded as Fouls. ● Kicking or knees is NOT allowed, basically it will be regarded as Fouls. ● Grabbing whatever reason, to grab the opponent's uniform, body or limbs is NOT allowed, basically it will be regarded as Fouls. ● Hooking the opponent's neck, head, shoulders with Silambam stick is NOT allowed, basically it will be regarded as Fouls. ● Attack whilst leaning the head or body against the opponent. ● Hugging the person that puts his arms around the other one first will be given a foul. ● Attack an opponent who is already down. ● Making an attack from the floor after having been downed by the opponent. (This should not be confused with an opponent defending himself whilst on the floor). ● Failing to obey the referee's instructions during the bout. ● Any other techniques or practice that the referee of the contest shall decide is improper or unfair. Additional of fouls are: Ran away attack ● Pretend to attack whilst actually running away from the opponent ● Running away by repeatedly doing (step outside area) ● Any action that may be considered as a bad attitude towards the contest ● Any other actions that the referees may be regarded as foul. Warning & Penalty ● A foul is charged with one warning ● Any action that is considered as a deliberate foul, or when severe damages have occurred from a foul, a (First penalty) may be given directly at the first time. ● Two warnings- results in (first penalty), and (two penalties) results in (disqualification). WARNINGS The following matter may merit a warning at the discretion of the referee: ● Frequently retreating out of the contest area or moves that waste time. ● Pushing the opponent with the open hand. ● Persistent bad behavior or violence. AUTOMATIC DISQUALIFICATION Contestants who arrive late for bouts or who fail to appear at all 21.6 OFFICIAL PROTEST FORM Individual (Tani Tiramay) / Pair and Team (Kulu Poti) / Silambam Stick Fencing OFFICIAL PROTEST FORM Filing Fees ( ). This protest must be prepaid. DATE COMPETITION PLACE ___ / ___ / _________ YOUR COMPETITOR COMPETITOR’S COUNTRY PROTEST’S DESCRIPTION Long description to be continued on the other side of this page. NAME Valid as received by WSA SIGNATURE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY: PANEL REFEREE JUDGE 1 JUDGE 2 JUDGE 3 JUDGE 4 NAME COUNTRY SILAMBAM – SPORT (with Protection Gears) Used for tournament (sports) purpose. SILAMBAM – TRADITIONAL (without Protection Gears) Used for displays or exhibitions purpose only – not for tournaments. Usually Silambam players performing displays/exhibitions with traditional Indian costume.

One (1) coach per team will be allowed to enter the field of Play. The President of a National Federation (NF) cannot act as a coach or referee during events organized by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of respective country. A National Federation (NF) coach can be accredited for ONLY one country per event except when prior permission has been given by the World Silambam Association (WSA) after confirmation that all National Federation (NF) involved agree. A registered Silambam Player (Fencer) can use their Silambam accreditation to coach (if available). An additional coach accreditation is not required. (01) Must be a Black-Belt holder patient and can control his/her emotion. (02) Must be honest and fair. (03) If the coach is not satisfied, he can make a report to the juries with polite in writing (in the specified format). (04) Should not scream or use rude words. (05) Must respect the judge’s decision and do their duty. (06) Coach should not hold a Silambam stick while in the court, when his students are in Tournament. (07) Must wear sports attire as tracksuit that signifies his unit. (08) Understanding technical status and always motivate the Silambam Player (Fencer). (09) Must attend coach course that is held by organization. TOURNAMENT COACHES CODE OF CONDUCT Coaches must respect the Code of Ethics, statutes and regulations of the World Silambam Association (WSA). In the case of an infringement proven, penalties may range from a simple verbal warning to exclusion of Tournament. The coach is responsible for their the Silambam Player (Fencer) conduct from entering to the event until leaving it, in particular before and after each game. The coaches must make sure that their the Silambam Player (Fencer) follow the instructions of the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of respective country, the schedules and different protocols. Coach positions is provided for each Silambam Tournament Mat and the coach must remain seated on the chair throughout the games. Coaching is authorized only during the pause after mate and before Begin/Start. It is strictly limited to communication with his Silambam Player (Fencer), for tactical advice, encouragements and instructions. If a coach gives indications during the games, he receives a first warning. In case of repetition he will be excluded from the Tournament Area / Platform. Any attitude contrary to the spirit of Silambam will be penalized. If an accredited coach communicates from the tribunes, his accreditation will be withdrawn, and he will be suspended for the next World Silambam Association (WSA) event. The coach during the games must not be in possession of a communication device. If this is the case, it will be excluded immediately from the Tournament Area / Platform. In the event that a coach is sanctioned by a referee, the Referee Director will inform the Director of Education for a sanction to be applied. GAME REVIEW PROCESS A delegate can request to review a game at the end of the preliminaries or final block. A form, available from the person in charge of Silambam Uniform Control (SUC), must be completed and returned to Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform control. Only one coach can attend and may be accompanied by a translator. The instructors, trainers and technicians During the direct elimination of the individual events, the Silambam Player (Fencer)’s coach, medical staff and technicians are not allowed to remain near their the Silambam Player (Fencer); the coaches are allowed to be inside the Tournament Area / Platform in a place indicated by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of respective country. Coaches are responsible for their delegation and must educate their the Silambam Player (Fencer). The Coaches: Seniors Number of Coaches Required Maximum entries Two (2) up to ten (10) entries Three (3) between eleven (11) and fifteen (15) entries Four (4) over sixteen (16) entries Junior and Cadet Number of Coaches Required Maximum entries Two (2) up to ten (10) entries Three (3) between eleven (11) and fifteen (15) entries Four (4) between sixteen (16) and twenty (20) entries Five (5) between twenty-one (21) and twenty-five (25) entries Six (6) over twenty-six (26) entries

STATE LEVEL JUDGE (01) Must be a Black-Belt holder. (02) At least have the experience of taking part in state-level Tournaments. (03) Five (5) times experience in organizing Tournament for district level. (04) Have attended referee course at least for four (4) times. (05) Excellent result in coach test. (06) Must do the duties with full confidence and patient. (07) The judge’s decision should be based on honesty. (08) Judge decision should not be influenced by omission. NATIONAL LEVEL JUDGE (01) Must be a Black-Belt holder for three (3) years. (02) Must have conducted class for at least three (3) years. (03) Must have knowledge of new techniques and be a Silambam exponent. (04) Experience in taking part in State, National and International Tournaments. (05) Have attended a national level coach course for four (4) times. (06) Excellent result in coach test. (07) A national judges must know. (08) Chart of ranking (09) Court’s size (10) Timekeeping (11) Writing marks (12) Commentating (13) Sketch the Tournament’s chart (signboard) (14) First aid (modern/traditional) (15) Experience in organizing state-level Tournament five (5) times. (16) Should have high-level stamina and a healthy body. (17) Having responsibility and high motivation. (18) Having knowledge about unique techniques performed by the Silambam Players. (19) Can identify differences of the Silambam Players status by based upon their performance (20) Understanding capacity and caliber in solving any problems. INTERNATIONAL LEVEL JUDGE (01) Must be a Black-Belt holder for three (3) years. (02) Must have conducted class for at least three (3) years. (03) Must have knowledge of new techniques and be a Silambam exponent. (04) Experience in taking part in State, National and International Tournaments. (05) Have attended national level coach course for four (4) times. (06) Excellent result in coach test. (07) International judges must know. (08) Chart of ranking (09) Court’s size (10) Timekeeping (11) Writing marks (12) Commentating (13) Sketch the Tournament’s chart (signboard) (14) First aid (modern/traditional) (15) Experience in organizing state-level Tournament five (5) times. (16) Should have high-level stamina and a healthy body. (17) Experience in organizing national level Tournaments at least once. (18) Having responsibility and high motivation. (19) Having knowledge of unique techniques performed by Silambam Players. (20) Should have attended coach course at least four (4) times. (21) Can give an explanation on Individual skills. (22) Can give respect to jury, coach, judge and Silambam Players. (23) Experience in participating and conducting International Tournament at least once. (24) Can speak, write and understand English. (25) An expert in Silambam art. (26) Can differentiate the Silambam Players status based upon their performance. (27) Must be caliber person to solve any problems. (28) Must be patience and responsible person in their duties.

MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country shall provide sufficient medical treatment during the Tournament, including on-site treatment and hospital treatment if needed. They should also provide qualified medical personnel and arrange sufficient medical materials and equipment. Tournament cannot be started or continued in the absence of either an ambulance, Team Doctor or Medical Team. A minimum of one Team Doctor or Medical Team per Tournament Area / Platform is required for the duration of the Championships, plus adequate qualified first aid staff. A standby ambulance with medical staff for emergencies must be supplied at the Tournament venue at least 30 minutes before the start of a tournament day and be available throughout the Tournament schedule. A second ambulance is mandatory. In case the ambulance has to leave the venue, a minimum of one ambulance must immediately be available on site for replacement. The host National Federation (NF) shall provide information to all the delegations about the Health Care System in the country, including a list of the hospitals to which referral of potential patients is recommended. At the same time, Team Doctor or Medical Team must be on call by telephone, to assist the members of the different delegations in case of any problem. Team Doctor or Medical Team must be certified and accredited A meeting between the Referee Committee’s President and the medical local staff must be held before the start of the Tournaments in order to familiarize as necessary with the Silambam Sports Rules (SSR). In case of an injury, the priority is the Silambam Player health. Primarily it is the Team Doctor or Medical Team of the National Federation (NF) of the respective country as mentioned above is responsible for the health of their the Silambam Player. Team Doctor or Medical Team’s telephone number must be clearly available in the medical list and should be sent to every participating NF. All the local Team Doctor or Medical Team must be competent in at least one World Silambam Association (WSA) official language – English, Tamil or French (if required). All the medical staff participating in the event must have the prior approval by the Medical Committee. Therefore, they must send to the Medical Committee’s President a Copy of their CV including their experience in Silambam Tournaments at least 3 (three) months before the Championships start. They can be: ● Doctor of the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country, ● Doctors of the National Federation (NF), ● Accredited Team Doctor, ● Physical Therapist (Physiotherapist), ● Chiropractor. Team Doctor or Medical Team Code of Conduct Team Doctor or Medical Team must respect the Code of Ethics, statutes, and regulations of the World Silambam Association (WSA). In the case of an infringement proven, penalties may range from a simple verbal warning to exclusion of Tournament. They shall: ● Sit in Team Doctor’s chair while their Silambam Player is playing. ● Enter the Silambam Tournament Mat when called by the referee. ● Not coaching, shouting, cheer or instruct. Team Doctor or Medical Team Hygiene and Dress Code ● Team Doctor or Medical Team shall always wear their accreditation on the field of play as well as in the warm-up area. ● A Team Doctor or Medical Team’s symbol should appear on their accreditation. ● The nails of the feet and hands shall be cut short. ● Tie long hair off the collar. ● Avoid manicure and jewelry that could scratch or touch a patient while getting close to examine the Silambam Player. ● Jeans, overalls, shorts, 3/4 length trousers, leggings, sandals, any kind of head caps or cover, flip flops, body or facial piercings are not allowed, low-cut necklines and mini-skirts are not allowed. ● Garments that may interfere with clinical communication, and assessment, shall be removed. ● Change immediately if uniforms of clothes become visibly soiled with blood stains or other. ● Wear shoes which is not slippery, soft sole, closed-toe. ● Shall not wear ANY neck-ties. ● Cover tattoos where these are extensive or may be deemed offensive. Requirements Number of Doctors or Medical Required Maximum entries Two (2) up to ten (10) entries Three (3) between eleven (11) and fifteen (15) entries Four (4) over sixteen (16) entries Doctors or Medical Rights and Responsibilities ● Be present at the field of play insufficient number during the entire Tournament. ● Have sufficient equipment. ● Arrange for sufficient hygienic conditions. ● Arrange for sufficient health care for all the Silambam Player, including staff. ● Assure that there is an acting medical team in the field of play. ● Recommend stopping the Tournament in case of the delay of the ambulance, Team Doctor or Medical Team is more than 15-minutes ● To stop the games immediately in case of a dangerous injury. Make a final decision whether an injured Silambam Player can continue the games or not. Make a decision, in consultation with the Medical Committee, whether an injured Silambam Player can continue the games. Decision Making on the Field of Play Only certified (and licensed) Team Doctor can enter the field of play and go on the Silambam Tournament Mat to treat the Silambam Player. When a medical decision is needed on the field of play, the local organizing doctors can assist Team Doctor or Medical Team. In case of a dispute between them, Team Doctor will take the decision however, the Medical Committee has the final say. The same policy applies in the absence of a Team Doctor or Medical Team. Team Doctor or Medical Team take the decision on life-threatening situations. However, in many cases, if there is a dispute, it is the Medical Committee who have the final say. Decision Making of the Field of Play When a medical decision is needed out of the field of play, the decision is up to the Team Doctor or Medical Team. Team Doctor or Medical Team will take the decision on life-threatening situations. However, in many cases, if there is a dispute, it is the Medical Committee who have the final say. Doping Control Requirements An Anti-Doping testing unit (Doping Control Station) conforming to World Silambam Association (WSA) Anti-Doping Rules must be available and operative, the expenses for the unit to be met by the host National Federation (NF). For any other queries and responsibilities, refer to the World Silambam Association (WSA) Anti-Doping. The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of respective country must provide and arrange for doping control following the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) rules of International Standard for Testing and Investigation – for both urine and blood testing respecting the minimum level of analysis as given in the Technical Document for Sport Analysis. The Doping Control Station has only one function providing space for doping tests. No other function or unauthorized traffic such as no weight control, no use as a medical or emergency room, and no use as a dressing room is allowed. It must be well secured, guarded, locked and clearly separated from the Tournament Area / Platform. The location of the Doping Control Station shall be marked with clear signs from various directions. No filming or photograph is allowed in the doping control area. Doping Control Selection Procedure The selection criteria for doping control is defined for each event in the event’s outlines. The Medical Committee delegate together with the World Silambam Association (WSA) Official and a representative of the responsible Sample Collection Authority will carry out the draw; all the Silambam Player must sign the draw protocol. Any further tests are at the discretion of the World Silambam Association (WSA) or an authorized Testing Authority. Event Testing During the Silambam events, the Silambam Player can be requested to provide samples for either an in- or out-of-Tournament test. Doping control for in-Tournament tests is carried out under the supervision either of Medical Committee or a representative of the Medical Committee. Out-of-Tournament tests are the responsibility of the authorized Sample Collection Authority. For veteran and Silambam Pattern (Tani Tiramay – Salavarisai) Tournaments there will be no doping control. Athlete Notification Athletes are notified accordingly. For in-Tournament tests, the Silambam Player is notified after their last games on a day. Modification for Minor Athletes Minor athletes should be notified and tested in the presence of an adult accompanying person of their choice, which abide and respecting the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) rules. Accredited Laboratory Only the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) accredited/approved Laboratories can analyze the samples. The Doping Control Coordinator has to inform the Medical Committee about which laboratory will be used. In the case of Adverse Analytical Finding detected, the World Silambam Association (WSA) will follow the Silambam Anti-Doping Rules. The Medical Committee delegate has the right to cancel or stop a test if it is medically justified. Medical All medical matters are the responsibility of the Medical Committee.

There must be at least 20 persons, supplied by the host National Federation (NF), for the following tasks: Duties/Function General liaison bilingual coordinator (at least in English and Tamil) To assist for each Tournament Area / Platform To assist for the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country To assist for the Referee Committee To assist for access control. To assist for the flag control To assist for National Anthems. To assist for medal ceremonies To assist as translators (for English/Tamil) and (English/French)

SILAMBAM ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (SOC) The room needs to be reserved Four (4) days before the start of the Tournaments. REFEREE COMMITTEE The room needs to be reserved according to the official program. TECHNICAL & TOURNAMENT RULES COMMITTEE The room needs to be reserved according to the official program. MEDICAL COMMITTEE The room needs to be reserved according to the official program. CONGRESS The room should be in the official hotels. If not, as close as possible, in which case transport must be provided by the host country from the official hotels and return. It should be available according to the official program, and simultaneous translation in English, Tamil, and French (if required) must also be provided by the host National Federation (NF). For each World Silambam Association (WSA) World Silambam Tournaments (WST) outlines will be published on the World Silambam Association (WSA) website and sent to the National Federation (NF). The deadlines in the outlines must be respected. Visas The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective countries will assist with visas where possible but having the correct visa is the responsibility of each Silambam Players. Visa applications will only be accepted for people who are inscribed in the Silambam base for the event. Transportation The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective countries will provide transportation for game delegations during the Tournament. This transportation service (including airport transfers) is only offered on the days when the delegations are booked in an official hotel through the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country. If the delegation misses the transport deadline the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country is not obliged to provide airport, train or bus station transfers. Accommodation All delegates inscribed for World Silambam Association (WSA) World Silambam Tournaments (WST) event must stay in one of the official hotels, offered in the outlines by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country, for a minimum of two (2) nights, e.g. Total of 4 people inscribed in Silambam Database Record System = 8 nights or more must be reserved. This rule does not apply to the host National Federation (NF) delegates. The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective countries will do their best to provide the first choice of accommodation but as rooms might be limited this cannot be guaranteed. After the accommodation deadline, the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country cannot promise rooms in the hotels detailed in these outlines and another official hotel may be added. Accommodation cancellation fees will be detailed in the event outlines. Any damage to hotel property resulting from the stay of a national delegation will be charged to the National Federation (NF) and must be paid in full. Delegations are kindly requested not to dry clothing including Silambam Orange Saffron Uniform or have training sessions in the corridors of the official hotels. According to the World Silambam Association (WSA) rule enacted, the organizing country should not request penalties fees for participating countries who cannot make bank transfers but can pay in cash upon arrival. Those countries who cannot make bank transfers should inform the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective countries well in advance that they will pay cash on arrival. All bank fees and bank transfer costs must be paid by the participating National Federation (NF). If payment is being made by bank transfer the bank information must be inserted correctly and completely on the transfer document and any procedures related to the amendment of the bank transfer must be done before arrival. Delegations must ensure that all bank charges are paid at their end so that the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country receive the correct amount of funds without any deductions. The person attending accreditation must bring proof of the bank transfer. Insurance National Federation (NF) are responsible to ensure their delegates during any World Silambam Association (WSA) World Silambam Tournaments (WST). The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country of the event and the World Silambam Association (WSA) will not be responsible for any insurance. Nevertheless, the National Silambam Federation staging the event shall take all necessary actions to provide insurance coverage against civil liability for the entire duration. The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country of the event and the World Silambam Association (WSA) has no liability for any claims of injury, illness or death arising from the traveling to and the participation in this event. Trainings Trainings is the responsibility of the organizing federation. Planning and scheduling of training sessions will be organized taking into consideration requests made by delegations daily on a first request made first-served basis. To book training contact the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country. Consent for photography / videos / filming Delegates inscribed by their National Federation (NF) for World Silambam Tournaments (WST) consent to the World Silambam Association (WSA) and its media partners to use the content of them, including data, live results, photographs and/or video recordings (hereafter referred to as Media). This media may be obtained from National Federation (NF) and World Silambam Association (WSA). It will also be acquired by the World Silambam Association (WSA) and its media partners from in and around all World Silambam Association (WSA) World Silambam Tournaments (WST) venues. Media could be used in print and digital media formats including print publications, websites, e-marketing, posters banners, advertising, film, broadcast, social media, education purposes, and other purposes. The advertising cannot mention political, denominational, World Silambam Association (WSA) organizations or its subsidiary bodies, member National Federation (NF), their organizations, and affiliated clubs, without prior permission from World Silambam Association (WSA). The National Federation (NF) must ensure that they have the permission of each delegate or in the case of a minor the permission of either parent(s) or guardian. If a delegate does not give consent, then the National Federation (NF) must inform the World Silambam Association (WSA) General Secretary via secretary@silambam.world. OFFICIAL HOTELS The designated hotels must be approved by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective countries. The hotels shall be of reasonable quality. The hotel chosen should have available a minimum of 250 (two hundred and fifty) rooms for the duration of the Championships. The hotels shall be of a good standard and priced in a realistic context with national rates. The host National Federation (NF) may not arrange for delegations to be surcharged for their usage of the designated hotels. On the contrary, efforts must be made by the host National Federation (NF) to obtain a reduced price. The host National Federation (NF) must not intervene between the hotels' management and the delegations unless it can prove that by so doing, it is able to secure a more favorable rate. Any Organizing Federation found in default of this regulation shall forfeit its surety to the World Silambam Association (WSA), and the case examined by the Discipline and Ethics Committee. The hotels rates must be given, at least, on a bed & breakfast basis, Individual and double occupation, and per night, without including any other concept (transport, hosts, translations, etc.). In addition, the prices must be given in the local currency, stating the exchange rate between the local currency and the place of event’s currency at the time of the quotation. The official hotels are by priority for the accommodation of the following: Silambam Board Committee (SBC) Education Committee Technical & Tournament Rules Committee Discipline and Ethics Committee Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) Referee Committee (RC) Traditional Arts & Sports Coaching Committee Athletes Committee Medical Committee Anti-Doping Officer (to be assigned upon WADA application) Para-Silambam Committee Gender Equality Committee Children Committee and Inclusion Officer (To disseminate information and provide advice on matters relating to the inclusion of children and young people with additional needs in the childcare settings of voluntary, independent, private and maintained sector) REGISTRATION AND ACCREDITATION CONGRESS It may also be used for delegations’ members, provided that all official Committee members have been given priority bookings. TRANSPORT The host National Federation (NF) must offer courtesy transport from the official hotels to the stadium and return for all delegations and individuals which made the hotel reservation through the official travel agency. Also, it must provide courtesy transport for the referees to the Referee Course and return, if the Course was organized in a different location than the official hotels. The transport will be offered exclusively from the official hotels. The host National Federation (NF) will also do their best to arrange, upon demand, the transportation of the delegations from the airport to the hotel. This service will be quoted and accordingly charged. The host National Federation (NF) must also provide separate courtesy transport for all Silambam Board Committee (SBC) and other Committee members from the airport to the hotel and return according to the list provided by the World Silambam Association (WSA) and also for their official duties from the hotel to the stadium and return during the Championships. The schedules will be coordinated by the respective President(s) with the host National Federation (NF), under the general coordination of President of the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country. It will have to provide separate courtesy transport for the Silambam Players passing the doping control all the Tournament days. The President, or in his absence the acting President, the General Secretary and the Treasurer will each have a car with driver available setup, free of charge, by the host National Federation (NF) and available during the whole duration of their stay at the Championships. The other Committees will have available minibuses in the number necessary for an aggregate capacity for 25 people for the transport between the official hotels and the stadium and return during the whole duration of the Championships. There will be a shuttle bus service between the official hotels and the stadium during the whole duration of the Championships. MEETINGS The Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country will submit, 4 (four) months prior to the event, the number of rooms and space needed, in case to modify the following (average estimated quantity): Silambam Board Committee (SBC) 14 People Education Committee 5 People Technical Committee (TC) 5 People Discipline and Ethics Committee 5 People Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) 10 People Referee Committee (RC) 10 people Traditional Arts & Sports Coaching Committee 10 People Athletes Committee 10 People Medical Committee 2 People Anti-Doping Officer (to be assigned upon WADA application) 2 People Para-Silambam Committee 2 People Gender Equality Committee 5 People Children Committee and Inclusion Officer (To disseminate information and provide advice on matters relating to the inclusion of children and young people with additional needs in the childcare settings of voluntary, independent, private and maintained sector. To keep up-to-date and work within relevant legislation, guidance, policies, and strategic plans) 5 People If large enough rooms are available in the official hotels, the following may be provided to accommodate the following events: Congress (only Principles for Championships) 200 People Referee Course 200 People Coach Meeting and Referee Briefing 200 People Referee and Coach Examination 200 People In addition to what described above, a meeting room for a capacity of 30 (thirty) people should be kept available throughout all the championships. The host National Federation (NF) must provide at least: ● Two (2) interpreters for the medium: English – Tamil ● Two (2) interpreters for the medium: English – French (if required) for the Championships; and additionally, simultaneous translation service may require for the Congress. Throughout the Championships, the host National Federation (NF) must provide an inquiry desk (in the official hotels before the start of the Tournament and in the Sports Venue during the Tournament days) to deal with problems faced by participating National Federation (NF). This shall be a non-stop operation from 8:00 a.m. until 10:00 p.m. or in accordance with the whole Tournament timetable.

The host National Federation (NF) is not obliged to provide food to the Silambam Players. Any assistance provided in this respect is a courtesy. The host National Federation (NF) is required to provide a free meal every 4 (four) working hours and a continuous supply of free hot and cold drinks and snacks during their corresponding working schedules and during the Tournament schedule of the championships to the following members of the working World Silambam Association (WSA) Committee, Doctors, working World Silambam Association (WSA) officials. For the referees as well as the candidates attending the referee course, a supply of free hot and cold drinks and snacks will be provided by the host National Federation (NF) during the breaks of the referee course. During the duration of the Tournaments, referees and candidate referees will be provided with a continuous supply of free hot and cold drinks and snacks. The host National Federation (NF) is not obliged to provide a meal to referees and candidates and any assistance in this respect is a courtesy. Only in Senior Championships, the referees working during the bouts for finals and bronze medals should also be provided by the host National Federation (NF) with a meal. Only one packed meal may be served during a working day. Other meals must be hot and served in an area set aside for all World Silambam Association (WSA) working officials. The members of the Silambam Board Committee (SBC) and the working members of other Committees must be provided with food by the host National Federation (NF). Owing to the nature of their work, a separate meal service must be provided by the host National Federation (NF) so they do not have to queue.

Security lockers should be available and security staff, provided by the Silambam Organizing Committee (SOC) of the respective country or their host National Federation (NF) must patrol the areas of the changing room at all times.

It must be a lounge-type room of comfortable and spacious proportions, with snacks and refreshment facilities.

All event information (transport times, training schedule, departure schedule, etc.) for the delegations will be communicated and posted on the official notice boards in each official hotel and in the warm-up area.

EOG Event Organization Guide IOC International Olympic Committee NOC National Olympic Committee EC Executive Committee SOC Silambam Organizing Committee SUC Silambam Uniform Control SCC Silambam Continental Championship SWC Silambam World Championship SSR Silambam Sports Rules WRL World Ranking List WSA World Silambam Association WST World Silambam Tournaments SBC Silambam Board Committee NF National Federation.

The original language of this document in English and will be translated into the Tamil Language for references and convenience of the indigenous group (native spoken person), especially in Tamil Nadu and for practitioners in other parts of the world.

உடல் பயிற்சி – Udal Payirchi

Principles:

SITTING POSITION (with Spine straight & shoulders relaxed) LEAN SLEEPING POSITION with mind and body relaxed (15sec), stretch whole body and recover to sitting position

EYES (each set with 5-times) கண்கள் – Kanngal

● Up, Down and CLOSE EYES
● Right, Left and CLOSE EYES
● Diagonal upright, down-left and CLOSE EYES
● Diagonal up-left, downright and CLOSE EYES
● Rotation clockwise and CLOSE EYES
● Rotation anti-clockwise and CLOSE EYES
● Crossed eyes looking at tip of nose and CLOSE EYES
● Rub hand and cup the eyes (for static on eyes nerves)

NECK (each set with 5-times) கழுத்து – Kaluttu

● Right and Left & Down (exhale) and Up (inhale)
● Lean-to right shoulder and Lean-to left shoulder
● Rotation clockwise and anti-clockwise

SHOULDER (each set with 5 times) வதாள் – Tol

● Right shoulder (front circle + back circle)
● Left shoulder (front circle + back circle)
● BOTH shoulder (front circle + back circle)
● Squeeze BOTH shoulders up to neck, hold and release (3-times) to release tension.

LEAN SLEEPING POSITION and relax mind (15sec), stretch whole body and recover to sitting position

ARMS (each set with 5 times) கை – Kai

● Hand clenching front, up, side, front
● Wrist bending upward and downward
● Wrist joints rotation with clenched hand
● Reach both hand and hold at back of body

LEGS (each set with 5 times) கால் – Kaal

● Sitting (with both legs stretch out straight)
● Toes bending forward and backward
● Ankle bending forward and backward
● Ankle rotation
● Cross one leg to above thigh and ankle crank (rotation) by holding hands
● Knee pull hugs (bending) by hold both arms below thigh
● Half butterfly on each leg to ease pelvic socket
● Full butterfly with both legs to ease pelvic socket

ABDOMEN EXERCISE வயிற்று உடற்பயிற்சி – Vayitru Udarpayirchi

● Sit-Up
● Push-up (normal / knuckles)

STANDING POSITION (with Spine straight & shoulders relaxed)

● Indian Run
(Jogging around, take turn last person in line sprints to the front. When that person gets there, the next person at the end of the line sprints to the front of the line. This continues as the line jogs around the field)

First Aid for Common Injuries in Silambam Sports

சிலம்பம் விளையாட்டில் பொதுவான காயங்களுக்கு முதலுதவி

While on-field medical emergencies do not happen every day, it is good to be prepared when they do, regardless of the season. From muscle strains and asthma to shock and fractures, the guide offers user-friendly information to help care for athletes when qualified medical professionals are unable to assist in a medical emergency. The following recommendations are excerpted from the guide.

Basic Medical Kit Content

Stocked medical kits stored on the sidelines come in handy in a medical emergency. Here are some recommendations for a basic medical kit:

● Athletic tape, 1.5 inches wide
● Pre-wrap or tape under-wrap
● Adhesive bandages
● Gauze pads
● Antibiotic ointment
● Non-latex gloves; and Ice bags

Other items may include:
● CPR shield,
● Tongue depressor/popsicle stick,
● Biohazard bag,
● Scissors,
● Sterile saline.

Abrasions and Lacerations

Basic skin wounds are among the most common athletic injuries. Ranging from mild to severe, one factor remains: treat immediately. Abrasions, sometimes called strawberries, occur when the top layer of skin is scraped away and the blood capillaries exposed. Lacerations are usually deeper and more severe. They are of particular concern when they occur in the mouth or on the scalp. First aid treatment includes careful wound cleaning, beginning in the middle and wiping toward the outside edges. Use a sterile, non-stick pad to dress the wound, changing it daily to keep it clean. Avoid using hydrogen peroxide because it may hinder healing.

Dizziness

Dizziness is not an ailment or injury; rather, it is usually a symptom of another problem. Minor or severe, dizziness should be addressed immediately. Possible conditions related to dizziness include hunger, dehydration, sleep deprivation, infection, hyperventilation, illness, shock, heat or illness. The best treatment starts with identifying the problem by asking the athlete about it: Have you eaten today? What did you eat? Are you too warm, too cold? Do you feel okay? Are you hurt? Did you get hit too hard? How you handle the condition depends on the answer.

Nosebleeds

Nosebleeds are typically the result of a forceful blow to the nose and/or face and are easily treated in most cases. Place the athlete in an upright position and ask him or her to lean forward to prevent blood from draining down the throat. Apply ice and pressure to the soft part of the nose for five minutes, and apply gauze or a nose plug. Avoid blowing the nose for two hours or more to avoid loosening the blood clot. If a nosebleed continues to occur without trauma, or if it cannot be stopped, it should be evaluated by a physician. A bloody nose often can be tough problem. The correct way to stop the bleeding is to have the athlete sit down and firmly pinch his or her nostrils shut for several minutes.

Cuts, Scrapes, and Bruises

Cuts, scrapes, and bruises are everyday occurrences in many sports. Most are obviously minor and can be treated with simple first aid. Sudden, blunt forces to the skin cause bruises, or contusions. The skin isn’t broken but the tissue below (muscle, blood vessels) is damaged. A minor contusion usually causes broken blood vessels and discoloration to the skin. A greater force will usually do more damage, causing more pain and discomfort. Symptoms include redness, pain or discomfort, swelling, tenderness, and discoloration. Whether mild or severe, treat the bruise the same: place on ice bag or pack over the area. Initially, avoid heat. Elevate the bruised area above heart level and compress it with an elastic bandage or wrap. Rest the affected area.

The objectives in treating these minor injuries are to.

1) Stop the bleeding
2) Clean the wound thoroughly
3) Protect the wound

Stop the Bleeding

First, put on gloves!

Cuts and some scrapes may bleed freely. Cuts around the head are often prone to profuse bleeding. Also, athletes with an injured artery can lose a large amount of blood. Arterial bleeding can be recognized by the spurting or pumping of blood from the wound. The proper technique to stop bleeding is to apply direct pressure to the wound by firmly holding a clean dressing against it. If you are unable to stop the bleeding with direct pressure, seek medical assistance immediately.

To stop bleeding from a tongue that has been bitten, gently hold a clean dressing on the cut. Keep the athlete sitting up so that he or she doesn’t choke on the blood or swallow excessive amount of blood.

Strains and Sprains

Athletic competition often results in injury to muscles, tendons or ligaments. A strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon; a sprain is an injury to a ligament. When athletes sprain an ankle, they have injured the ligaments. When athletes pull a hamstring, they have strained the muscle or tendon. The first goal is treatment of a strain or sprain is to limit the swelling in the hours following the injury.

The muscle or joint is not recovered until all the swelling is gone. If you can limit this swelling by proper first aid, the athlete will return to play more quickly. Proper first aid is the immediate application of ICE. To help you remember the proper sequence of first aid for athletic injuries, just remember the word ICE:

● Ice
● Compression
● Elevation

ICE

Ice is one of the most important parts of an athletic first aid kit. Regular cube ice or crushed ice can be placed in plastic bags and easily stored for ready use in a small cooler. (Commercially prepared ice packs are not as good as plain ice and are an unnecessary expense.) The bag of ice should be placed over a couple layers of an elastic bandage and wrapped over the injury.

COMPRESSION

Compress the injured area by gently wrapping the ice bag in place with the remainder of the elastic bandage. The wrapping should be gentle and firm but not tight.

If the elastic bandage is wrapped too tightly, you may cut off circulation to the underlying skin, which, because of the ice, could produce frostbite.

ELEVATION

Elevate the injury after the ice and elastic wrap have been applied. The injured limb should be propped up so that it rests higher than the heart. This allows any fluid that is collecting to drain away. After providing first aid, have a doctor see the athlete to evaluate the injury. The sooner the athlete is seen, the better the doctor can examine the injury. If you wait until the following day, the injury may be so tender that the athlete cannot stand the pain of a careful examination.

Ice, compression, and elevation also are good first aid for large bruises, especially on large muscles.

Heat Injury

Heat injury is a life-threatening condition! If one of the athletes collapses after exertion in a hot environment, you must act quickly. Symptoms the athlete may exhibit prior to collapse are:

● Dry, hot skin with not sweating (not always)
● Confusion
● Dizziness
● Chills on the chest

If you see or an athlete describes any of these symptoms, you must cool him or her immediately. If the athlete is conscious:

1. Remove any headgear and other heavy clothing.
2. Douse with cold water, ice or ice towels.
3. Give cool liquids by mouth.
4. If improvement is not quick, GET HELP.

If the athlete is unconscious:

1. Remove clothes.
2. Cool by packing body with ice, towels, or douse with cold water.
3. Do not give liquids by mouth.
4. Call an ambulance.
5. Give CPR is athlete stops breathing.

Recognition of a Concussion

The concussion is a traumatism of the head or the neck that alters the brain function in an immediate or transitional way. In nine (9) cases, out of 10, it is not associated with loss of consciousness. It is very important, in case of traumatism, to respect safety instructions in order to preserve the Silambam Player (Fencer) health and to ensure an appropriate medical follow-up.

Signs

During the games:

Loss of consciousness, convulsions.
Disorder of balance, of vision (seeing stars, double vision).
Headache, tiredness, confusion, somnolence.
Memory troubles (to ask simple questions such as their name, the place…).

After the games:

Irritability, sadness, an impression of drunkenness.
Hypersensitivity to noise, to light.
Sleep disorders.
Reduction of performance.

Medical Suspension Following Concussion

Athletes of all age categories with a suspected concussion (confirmed either by the Medical Committee or by the relevant event’s head of medical services) are not allowed to play games within the period of seven (7) days starting the day after the date of the injury. Athletes can return to the Tournament having a medical clearing from their team medical doctor, family doctor or any other medical doctor having the authority to issue such a clearing. The Medical Committee will register the Silambam Player (Fencer) under medical suspension.

The Unconscious Player

Being touch, hit or strike unconscious is a serious injury and requires immediate medical assistance. First aid should be limited to making sure that the athlete is breathing and that his or her mouth and throat are clear of turf, blood or vomit. If the mouth and throat are not clear, clear them out with your finger.

Administer CPR if the athlete stops breathing.

Be careful about moving the athlete; besides having a concussion, he or she may also have a neck injury. When the athlete becomes conscious, keep him or her quiet and in place until seen by a doctor or paramedic.

Key Points to Remember

1. Have a “game plan” so you know who to call, how to call, and what to do in case of a serious injury.
2. Remember to bring ice to practice as well as games. 2/3 of injuries occur during practice.
3. The essentials of wound care are:
● Stop the bleeding
● Cleanse the wound
● Protect the wound
4. Remember and practice the ABC’s of ICE.
5. Know and practice CPR.